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University of the Philippines
National university system of the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The University of the Philippines (UP; Filipino: Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)[9][10] is a state university system in the Philippines. It is the country's national university, as mandated by Republic Act No. 9500 (UP Charter of 2008), giving it institutional autonomy.[11][12]
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The University of the Philippines was originally established by the American colonial government on June 18, 1908, through the enactment of Act No. 1870 by the First Philippine Legislature. It was envisioned as the country’s premier institution for higher learning with a mandate to provide "advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences, and the arts and to give professional and technical training," regardless of "age, sex, nationality, religious belief, or political affiliation."[13]
The University of the Philippines’ founding academic units were established primarily in Manila, and in Los Baños, Laguna.[14] U.P. then expanded to Diliman in 1949, which became the nucleus of the entire university. Today, the university is composed of eight autonomous constituent universities (CUs) and one autonomous college: UP Diliman, which hosts the central administration of the system, UP Los Baños, UP Manila, UP Visayas, UP Open University, UP Mindanao, UP Baguio, UP Cebu, UP Tacloban which are distributed across 17 campuses nationwide.[15]
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History
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 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2013) |
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1900s–1920s
In the late 19th century, many Filipinos pursued higher education in Spain and other European universities, highlighting the absence of a comparable institution in the Philippines that could provide advanced instruction across various fields.[16] To address this need, the University of the Philippines was established on June 18, 1908, through . Act No. 1870 of the First Philippine Legislature, otherwise known as the "University Act". The law specified the function of the university, which is to provide advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences and arts, and to administer professional and technical training.[17] Judge Newton W. Gilbert acted as president of the university since its establishment in 1908.[18]
The university began with the organization of its first academic units. The earliest established in 1909 were the College of Agriculture and the School of Fine Arts.[16] These were soon followed in 1910 by the Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Liberal Arts, Engineering, and Medicine and Surgery. The College of Law, founded in 1911, was the last of UP’s founding academic units.[16] Although the College of Medicine and Surgery officially became part of UP in 1910, it had already opened for instruction in 1907. This was in accordance with the University Act of 1908, which provided that the Philippine Medical School would be incorporated into UP as the College of Medicine and Surgery once two or more colleges had been established.[19]
The academic units were originally located in different sites. The College of Agriculture was established in Los Baños, at the foot of Mount Makiling, while the School of Fine Arts opened in a private property on R. Hidalgo Street in Quiapo, Manila.[14] The remaining units were also based in Manila: the College of Medicine and Surgery on Herran Street (now Pedro Gil Street), the College of Veterinary Medicine in Pandacan, the College of Liberal Arts held classes on several locations including the Philippine Normal School, the College of Engineering on the site that later formed part of the Padre Faura campus, and the College of Law in a private property on Isaac Peral Street (now United Nations Avenue). The School of Forestry was likewise established in 1910 in Los Baños. At the time, UP President Murray Bartlett declared that as a “University for the Filipino,” the institution must be “supported by the people’s money,” guided by a charter framed by the people’s representatives, and sustained by “the confidence and sympathy of the people.”[14][20]
1930s–1940s
Plans to transfer academic units from the Manila campus to a new site were formally raised in 1937 to accommodate the university’s growing needs, with President Manuel L. Quezon initiating the idea. Among the proposals considered was the relocation of certain Manila units to the Los Baños campus, though this was deliberated among university officials.[20] By 1938, a property in Marikina (now part of Quezon City) owned by the Philippine National Bank emerged as a leading option.[20] Eventually, the Board of Regents approved the establishment of a new campus in Diliman, Quezon City, where the university acquired a 493-hectare lot. Construction of the Diliman campus began in 1939 but was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II.[21]
During World War II, most of its colleges had to be closed except the Colleges of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Engineering. Meanwhile, the Japanese Imperial Army occupied three Diliman campus buildings: the College of Liberal Arts Building (now Benitez Hall) and the Colleges of Law (now Malcolm Hall) and Business Administration Building. The Japanese also occupied the campus of the College of Agriculture in Los Baños.[22] U.P. President Bienvenido Ma. Gonzalez sought a grant of ₱ 13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission. A massive rehabilitation and construction effort was executed during the post-war years. For the first time, an extensive Diliman campus master plan and map were created in 1949. More buildings were built across the Diliman campus landscape: the University Library (Gonzalez Hall),[23] the College of Engineering (Melchor Hall), the Women's Residence Hall (now Kamia Residence Hall), the Conservatory of Music (Abelardo Hall and now the College of Music), the Administration Building (Quezon Hall), and the U.P. President's Residence. Most colleges and administration offices were temporarily housed in huts and shelters made of sawali and galvanized iron.
The transfer of the University to its new campus in Diliman took place between December 16, 1948, and January 11, 1949, as scheduled, with classes resuming at the new site on January 12, 1949. During the quadragesimal anniversary celebration on February 11, 1949, the “Oblation” statue—the last movable property from the Manila campus—was formally relocated to Diliman. The transfer was marked by a motorcade of alumni and students.[24]
1950s–1970s
The concept of a University of the Philippines System had already taken shape in the mind of U.P. President Salvador P. Lopez when he assumed office in 1969.[20] His vision was anchored on a nationwide university framework, with the Los Baños campus and other regional units serving as focal points for expansion.[20] Around the same time, the Presidential Commission to Survey Philippine Education (PCSPE) recommended that UP be formally designated as the National University. Meanwhile, a proposal emerged to establish a separate and independent agricultural university at Los Baños.[20] Lopez opposed this, expressing concern that separation might diminish the academic prestige of both UP as a whole and Los Baños in particular. Later, he advocated for establishing an autonomous UP Los Baños within the UP System.[20]
On November 20, 1972, the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) was established as the first autonomous constituent university of the UP through Presidential Decree No. 58.[25] The decree granted UPLB substantial administrative and fiscal autonomy, enabling it to govern its own academic and operational affairs. This development also marked the creation of the UP System, a structure designed to foster not just a single campus but multiple centers of education across the country.[20]
On October 28, 1977, autonomy was likewise granted to the Health Sciences Center in Manila, which brought together UP’s health-related academic units and the Philippine General Hospital under a unified organizational framework.[24] This was followed on May 31, 1979, by the establishment of the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV) as an autonomous university, with its main campus in Miagao, Iloilo, and the College of Fisheries as its flagship unit.[26]
The presidency of Carlos P. Romulo (1962–1968) saw the establishment of several Diliman units, including the Population Institute, Law Center, and Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry Training Center (1964); the Institute of Mass Communication, College of Business Administration, and Institute of Planning (1965); the Computer Center and Institute for Small-Scale Industries (1966); the Institute of Social Work and Community Development (1967); and the Asian Center (1968).
In Los Baños, the 1960s saw the establishment of international linkages, particularly through collaborations with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), founded in 1960.[27] The campus also expanded its research and extension functions with the establishment of specialized units including the Dairy Training and Research Institute (1962), Institute of Plant Breeding (1975), National Crop Protection Center (1976) and the Post-Harvest Horticulture and Training Center (1977). Several colleges and institutes were also established following the autonomy in 1972.[27]
1980s–1990s
On October 22, 1982, the Health Sciences Center of the Manila campus was renamed University of the Philippines Manila as other autonomous units are identified by their geographical locations.[28] On April 26, 1982, U.P. Diliman was formally designated as a constituent university, almost a decade after the reorganization of U.P. Although Diliman was the seat of the U.P. Administration, the campus was not immediately constituted after 1972. It was administered, along with the Manila unit, prior to the organization of the Health Sciences Center, as a de facto university.
U.P. President José Abueva introduced the Socialized Tuition Fee Assistance Program (STFAP) in 1987. Abueva also institutionalized a Filipino language policy within the university. U.P. President Emil Javier established the creation of U.P. Mindanao at Davao City, Southern Mindanao, and the U.P. Open University in 1995. U.P. President Francisco Nemenzo's legacy includes the Revitalized General Education Program (RGEP) and the institutionalization of more incentives for research and creative achievements by U.P. faculty members.
U.P. President Emerlinda Roman, from the College of Business Administration (CBA), has led a Centennial Campaign Fund to upgrade the university's services and facilities. Her term of office has been noted for the ascension of several key professors from the CBA to positions of power within the university. Notable among them is U.P. Diliman Chancellor Sergio S. Cao, Assistant Vice President for Planning and Development, Prof. Arthur S. Cayanan, Director of the U.P. System Budget Office, Prof. Joselito G. Florendo, Dr. Lina J. Valcarcel Executive Director, U.P. Provident Fund, Inc. and U.P. Foundation, Inc. Executive Director Gerardo B. Agulto.
Centennial celebration
On January 8, 2008, the University of the Philippines began its centennial celebration. The opening ceremony featured a 100-torch relay[29] to light the eternal flame on the Centennial Cauldron at Quezon Hall. Torches were carried by, among others, Fernando Javier, 100, of Baguio, the oldest U.P. alumnus (Civil Engineering from University of the Philippines Manila, 1933), Michael Dumlao, a 6th-grader from the University of the Philippines Integrated School in U.P. Diliman and U.P. President Emerlinda Roman, the first woman president of the university.[30] The Centennial Cauldron features three pillars to represent the three core values, and seven flowers representing the seven constituent universities, i.e. U.P. Manila, U.P. Diliman (together with U.P. Pampanga, its extension campus), U.P. Los Baños, U.P. Baguio, U.P. Visayas, U.P. Mindanao, and U.P. Open University.[31]
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) and U.P. issued commemorative ₱ 100 U.P. Centennial notes at the BSP Security Plant Complex in Quezon City. The notes appear as four-outs (four uncut pieces) in a folder featuring the signatures of all U.P. presidents including Roman.[32]
Inspired by the U.P. Oblation, the University of the Philippines Alumni Association (UPAA) launched an art exhibit, "100 Nudes/100 Years" featuring the works of nine U.P. alumni national artists.[33]
U.P.A.A. 2008 centennial yearbook
The University of the Philippines Alumni Association announced its launch of a three-volume U.P.A.A. 2008 Centennial Yearbook on June 21, 2008, at the U.P.A.A. Grand Alumni-Faculty Homecoming and Reunion at the Araneta Coliseum, Cubao, Quezon City. The theme is “U.P. Alumni: Excellence, Leadership and Service in the Next 100 Years," with the three cover designs showing the works of National Artists Napoleon Abueva, Abdulmari Asia Imao, and Benedicto Cabrera, respectively. Chief Justice Reynato Puno is the Yearbook's most distinguished alumnus awardee (among 46 other awardees).[34]
U.P. Charter of 2008
The U.P. Charter of 2008, Republic Act No. 9500, was signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo into law on April 29, 2008, at the U.P. Library Conference Hall in Lahug, Cebu. It aims "to provide both institutional and fiscal autonomy to U.P., specifically, to protect student's democratic access and strengthen administration through the recognition of U.P. System's Board of Regents and U.P. Council."[35] The new charter declared U.P. as the Philippines' national university, giving it "the enhanced capability to fulfill its mission and spread the benefits of knowledge."[36] The new charter will help improve its competitiveness. The newly designated “national university" however, needs ₱ 3.6 billion to be on a par with other universities in the region.[37]
UP-Ayala Land TechnoHub
The centennial ₱ 6 billion, 20 hectares (49 acres) UP-Ayala Land TechnoHub, a complex of low-rise buildings along Commonwealth Avenue, within the 37.5 hectares (93 acres) of the U.P. North Science and Technology Park, was constructed on February 16, 2006, and inaugurated on November 22, 2008. It was developed by the Ayala Land Property company into an information technology and IT-enabled services community to host business process outsourcing (BPO) and technology firms.[38][39]
Enhanced motto
On May 14, 2024, Angelo Jimenez proclaimed UP's new logo and “Honor, Excellence, Service” motto.[1]
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Autonomous units
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At present, the University of the Philippines is composed of eight constituent universities (CU) and one autonomous unit located in 15 campuses around the country.[40]
U.P. Diliman houses the system-wide administrative headquarters and offers the most number of courses and degree programs. On July 19, 2011, the Bases Conversion and Development Authority donated to U.P. a 4,300-square-meter (1.1-acre) lot at the Bonifacio Global City (BGC) in Taguig for the U.P. Professional Schools, which will initially include extension classes for UP Diliman's College of Law, College of Business Administration, College of Engineering, School of Statistics, as well as the UP Open University.[41]
Each constituent university of U.P. is headed by a chancellor, who is elected on a three-year term by the Board of Regents. Unlike the president, who is elected on a single six-year term without re-election, the chancellor may be re-elected for another three-year term but it is upon the discretion of the members of the Board of Regents.
Autonomous College
On April 27, 2023, during its 1380th meeting, the University of the Philippines' Board of Regents approved the proposal for autonomy for UP Tacloban. This decision marked a significant shift in the college's status, transforming it from a satellite campus of UP Visayas into an autonomous unit under the Office of the UP President.
UP Tacloban was granted autonomy to boost its capacity to effectively fulfill its mandate in the Eastern Visayas Region. This shift to autonomy not only reinforces the college's role within the region but also serves as a foundation for its potential elevation to a full-fledged constituent university within the UP system, a transition expected to transpire within three to five years.[46]
Satellite campuses
The satellite campuses do not have autonomous status. They are considered extension colleges of their parent unit. Some campuses host different programs from various colleges within the parent unit.
UP Diliman
- UPD Bonifacio Global City Professional Schools (Taguig City, Metro Manila)
- UPD Extension Program in Olongapo (Olongapo City, Zambales)
- UPD Extension Program in Pampanga (Clark Freeport Zone, Mabalacat, Pampanga)
- UP Alabang (Dasmariñas, Cavite), groundbreaking).[47]
UP Los Baños
- UPLB Professional School for Agriculture and the Environment (Panabo City, Davao del Norte)
UP Manila
- UPM School of Health Sciences in Baler (Baler, Aurora)
- UPM School of Health Sciences in Koronadal (Koronadal City, South Cotabato)
- UPM School of Health Sciences in Palo (Palo, Leyte)
- UPM School of Health Sciences in Tarlac (Tarlac City, Tarlac)
UP Cebu
- UPC Professional Schools (Cebu City, Cebu)
UP Visayas
- UPV Iloilo City Campus (Iloilo City)
- UPV Antique Extension (Pandan, Antique)
UP Open University
- Seven (7) learning centers across the country
Basic education
- University of the Philippines High School Cebu in UP Cebu
- University of the Philippines High School Iloilo in UP Visayas
- University of the Philippines Integrated School in UP Diliman
- University of the Philippines Rural High School in UP Los Baños
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Organization
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| Presidents of the University of the Philippines |
| Murray S. Bartlett, 1911-1915 |
| Ignacio B. Villamor, 1915-1921 |
| Guy Potter Wharton Benton, 1921-1925 |
| Rafael V. Palma, 1925-1933 |
| Jorge Bocobo, 1934-1939 |
| Bienvenido Ma. González, 1939–1943, 1945-1951 |
| Antonio Sison, 1943-1945 |
| Vidal A. Tan, 1951-1956 |
| Enrique Virata, 1956-1958 |
| Vicente G. Sinco, 1958-1962 |
| Carlos P. Romulo, 1962-1968 |
| Salvador P. Lopez, 1969-1975 |
| Onofre D. Corpuz, 1975-1979 |
| Emanuel V. Soriano, 1979-1981 |
| Edgardo J. Angara, 1981-1987 |
| José Abueva, 1987-1993 |
| Emil Q. Javier, 1993-1999 |
| Francisco Nemenzo, Jr., 1999-2005 |
| Emerlinda R. Roman, 2005–2011 |
| Alfredo E. Pascual, 2011–2017 |
| Danilo Concepcion, 2017–2023 |
| Angelo Jimenez, 2023–present |
Presidents of the University of the Philippines
The President of the University of the Philippines is elected for a single six-year term by the university's eleven-member Board of Regents.[11] As of 2023, two Americans and 20 Filipinos served as Presidents of the University of the Philippines.
The current president of U.P. is lawyer and former regent Angelo Jimenez. He assumed office on February 10, 2023.
Board of Regents
The governance of the university is vested in the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines System (or Lupon ng mga Rehente in Filipino) and is commonly abbreviated as BoR.[11] The board, with its 11 members, is the highest decision-making body in the U.P. system.
The Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) serves as the Board's Chairperson while the President of the University of the Philippines is the co-chairperson. The Chairpersons of the Committee on Higher, Technical and Vocational Education of the Senate and the Committee on Higher and Technical Education House of Representatives are members of the Board of Regents which are concurrent with their functions as committee chairpersons.[11]
U.P. students, represented by the General Assembly of Student Councils, nominate a Student Regent. While the Faculty Regent is likewise nominated by the faculty members of the whole University. Alumni are represented by the President of the U.P. Alumni Association. A Staff Regent, representing professional and administrative personnel, was included with the passage of the new U.P. Charter in 2008. The remaining members of the Board of Regents are nominated into the position by the President of the Philippines.
As of 2025, the members of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines System are:[48]
The Secretary of the University and of the Board of Regents is Atty. Roberto M.J. Lara.
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Academics
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Perspective
The University of the Philippines System offers 246 undergraduate degree programs and 362 graduate degree programs, more than any other university in the country.[49] The campus in Diliman offers the largest number of degree programs, and other campuses are known to lead and specialize in specific programs.[50] The university has 57 degree-granting units throughout the system, which may be a college, school or institute that offers an undergraduate or a graduate program. In the Los Baños campus, a separate Graduate School administers the graduate programs in agriculture, forestry, the basic sciences, mathematics and statistics, development economics and management, agrarian studies and human ecology.[51] The College of Public Health at the Manila campus has a collaboration with Boston University School of Public Health. This program allows students from Boston University to do a semester of coursework at U.P. Manila as well as an international field practicum in the Philippines. The university has 4,571 faculty, trained locally and abroad with 36% having graduate degrees.[52][53] The university is one of the three universities in the Philippines affiliated with the ASEAN University Network, and the only Philippine university to be affiliated with the ASEAN-European University Network and the Association of Pacific Rim Universities.[54][55]
Budget
The university has the highest financial endowment of all educational institutions in the Philippines. In 2008, the entire U.P. System received a financial subsidy from the national government of ₱ 5.7 billion. The total expenditure for the same year, however, is ₱ 7.2 billion, or approximately ₱ 135,000 per student.[56] State universities and colleges have continually experienced budget cuts over the years. In 2019, the university requested a ₱44.9 billion budget but only received ₱15.5 billion for its budget, with an additional ₱1.5 billion for operational and equipment expenses. The Philippine General Hospital, the most affected unit of the UP System, received an insufficient budget of P2.92 billion, with only P155 million out of the requested P1.6 billion allocated for infrastructure and capital outlays.[57][58]
Rankings and reputation
The UP, as a university system, has consistently been ranked the top university in the Philippines since its inclusion in several university rankings.
In 2020, UP was ranked 65th in the Times Higher Education (THE) Asia University Rankings and 69th in the QS Asia University Rankings for 2021, the highest ranked Philippine university.[63][64] In the THE Asia rankings, UP is the fifth best university in Southeast Asia, after National University of Singapore (3rd), Nanyang Technological University (6th), University of Malaya (43rd) and Universiti Brunei Darussalam (60th).[64] On the other hand, the QS rankings put it as the 13th best university in Southeast Asia after two Singapore, five Malaysian, three Indonesian, and two Thai universities.[63] In the Asiaweek's Best Universities in Asia last published in 2000, UP ranked 48th.[65][66] In 2006, the university, through President Emerlinda R. Roman, expressed that it did not want to participate in the THES Ranking, but was included in 2007, 2008, and 2009 with an incomplete academic profile.[53]
Moreover, UP ranks in numerous world subject rankings, most notably 51-100th place in Development Studies, 101-150th place in English Language and Literature, Geography, and Politics and International Studies, 151-200th place in Archaeology, Agriculture and Forestry, and Sociology in the QS World University Rankings by Subject Area.[67] UP programs also place in Times Higher Education World University Rankings: 126-150th in Clinical, Pre-Clinical and Health subjects; 501-600 bracket for both Life Sciences and Social Sciences; in the 601+ bracket for Engineering and Technology, and Computer Science; and in the 801+ bracket in Physical Sciences.[68]
In the national rankings based on cumulative data from 1991 to 2001 of average passing rates in all courses of all Philippine colleges and universities in the licensure examinations, U.P. Diliman, U.P. Los Baños and U.P. Manila emerged as numbers one, two and three respectively.[69] The study was done by the Professional Regulation Commission and the Commission on Higher Education.
The 2024 Quacquarelli Symonds world university rankings published on April, 10 by subject included the University of the Philippines, De La Salle University and Ateneo de Manila University (of 1,559 institutions which featured 55 individual subjects). "Three Philippine universities placed in one out of four subject disciplines of the QS, while only UP ranked in 2 other subjects" QS stated.[70]
General education program
The General Education Program was introduced in 1959 and formed core courses prescribed for all students at the undergraduate level. The General Education Program is the Revitalized General Education Program (abbreviated as RGEP), which was approved by the Board of Regents in 2001. The RGEP offers courses in three domains (Arts and Humanities; Mathematics, Science, and Technology; and Social Sciences and Philosophy) and gives students the freedom to choose the general education courses in these domains that they would like to take.[71] It has led to the development of courses unique to campuses. Examples of these courses include NASC 10 (Forests as Source of Life) in Los Baños, Geography 1[72] (Places and Landscapes in a Changing World) in Diliman, and History 3 (History of Philippine Ethnic Minorities) in Baguio.
Library system
The university library system contains the largest collections of agricultural, medical, veterinary and animal science materials in the Philippines.[73][74][75] The library system has a collection of Filipiniana material, serials and journals in both electronic and physical forms and UPIANA materials in its archives. It also has a collection of documents of student, political, and religious organizations advocating political, economic, and social changes during the Marcos administration in the Diliman library.[76]
The university is one of the five governmental agencies involved with the Philippine eLib, a nationwide information resource-sharing consortium, to which it provides access to 758,649 of its bibliographic records.[77]
The library was established in 1922 on the Manila campus and was considered one of the best in Asia prior to the Second World War.[78] The collection, containing almost 150,000 volumes, was destroyed when Japanese troops stormed the library during the war, leaving only a handful of books intact. Gabriel Bernardo, the Librarian of the university who built the collection, described the loss as "intellectual famine." Bernardo would later rebuild the library in the Diliman campus.[79] The university has likewise been one of the pioneers in library science education in the country. Library courses were first offered under the College of Liberal Arts under James Alexander Robertson in 1914. In 1961, the Institute of Library Science was established in Diliman and a year later, the institute established the country's first graduate program in Library Science.[80]
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Admissions and financial aid
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Undergraduate admissions
As a public state university, "selection is based on intellectual and personal preparedness of the applicant irrespective of sex, religious belief and political affiliation."[81] Admission into the university's undergraduate programs is very competitive, with over 70,000 students taking the exam every year, with about 11,000 being accepted, an admission rate of about 18%.[82][83] Admission to a program is usually based on the result of the UPCAT, University Predicted Grade (UPG), which is an average of grades obtained during high school and sometimes, a quota set by the unit offering the program. The university also maintains a Policy of Democratization which aims to "make the U.P. studentry more representative of the nation's population."[50] The UPCAT also allows students to enter Intarmed, the university's accelerated 7-year medicine curriculum, one of the two entry points into the program. Transferring to the university from other constituent units or schools outside the system are determined by the degree-granting unit that offers the program or the course, not by the university's Office of Admissions.[50]
Socialized Tuition System
The Socialized Tuition System (also referred to as the “Iskolar ng Bayan" Program) (STS) was implemented in response to the increase in tuition in 2014.[84] The program, proposed in 1988 by U.P. President Jose Abueva and mandated by the President and Congress of the Philippines, called for a radical departure from the old fee and scholarship structure of UP, resulting in tremendous benefits for low-income and disadvantaged Filipino students.[85] The Socialized Tuition and Financial Assistance Program (STFAP) is divided into four basic components: Subsidized Education, Socialized Tuition, Scholarships, and Student Assistantships. In the 1989 STFAP, income groups are divided into nine brackets, with one having the full benefits.[85] In December 2006, the Board of Regents approved a restructured STFAP, along with the increase in tuition and other fees that will apply for incoming freshmen.[86]
The Revised STFAP reduces the brackets from nine to five, and will supposedly increase the number of students receiving tuition subsidy and increase stipend rates and coverage.[84] However, critics of the restructured STFAP argue that the data used in the formulation of the revised program is not an acceptable prediction of a student's family income, that some of the bracket assignments are flawed and that the program fails to address or revise student assistantship programs.[87]
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Culture and traditions
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University symbols
The university's colors are maroon and forest green. Maroon was chosen to represent the fight for freedom, as Maroon is also a name of a Jamaican tribe who were successful in defending their freedom from slavery and their independence from English conquerors for more than 100 years.[88] The colors are also immortalized in the University's hymn;
Luntian at pula, Sagisag magpakailanman....
In 2004, the university's seal and the Oblation were registered in the Philippine Intellectual Property Office to prevent unauthorized use and multiplication of the symbols for the centennial of the university in 2008.[89] The centennial logo was used in visual materials and presentations of the centennial activities and events of the university. The logo, which was designed by Ringer Manalang, is composed of the Oblation, the sablay and a highlighted Philippine map.[90][91]
Official seal
The Seal of the University of the Philippines is the official device used by the university as its official symbol and mark for its legal and public documents and publications. The current seal in use was approved by the Board of Regents on February 25, 1913, during its 77th Meeting.[92][93] It has two versions: a one-color and a full-color version, using the prescribed tones of Maroon and Forest Green, the official colors of the university as set by the University Brand Book released in 2007. The seal was registered in the Philippine Intellectual Property Office and was approved in the year 2006 to prevent unauthorized use in time for U.P.'s Centennial Celebration in 2008.
The bald eagle [92][93] in the official seal holds a shield that carries a lamp, a cogwheel and; a volcano and tree (sometimes rendered erroneously as a star and the planet Saturn). These symbols represent science and medicine, engineering, and agriculture respectively. Until today, the university takes pride in these three areas of knowledge as these degree programs in U.P. are acknowledged as Centers of Excellence in the Philippines by the Commission on Higher Education. A myth persists that the bird in the seal is in fact, a parrot, as stated in some Freshmen orientation materials. The university's varsity team was also once called the Parrots, adding to the confusion about the species of the bird in question. An explanation for the use of the eagle in the seal is that it was derived from the coat of arms of the City of Manila and the Great Seal of the United States.[93]
Starting with the reorganization of the U.P. System in 1972, in order to signify their newly gained autonomy and specialization, most constituent universities of the System have adopted their own seals. These logos are either variations of the official seal, by changing the colors and adding elements, or are entirely new designs. These are sometimes used in place of the official University seal in official documents, such as transcripts and markers. Distinct seals or logos are sometimes produced, such as those for the U.P. System and UPLB Centennial Celebrations. A notable use of the System seal can be seen in the official seal of the U.P. Alumni Association, which features the Oblation, the Diliman Carillon, the Bahay ng Alumni facade and the university seal in its entirety.
U.P. Naming Mahal
U.P. Naming Mahal is the university's hymn. The melody for the song was written by Nicanor Abelardo, an alumnus and former faculty member of the U.P. College of Music. Abelardo is considered to be one of the Philippines' greatest musicians. Because of the original scale of the hymn in B flat major, which is too high for the usual voice, U.P. Conservatory of Music (now U.P. College of Music) professors Hilarion Rubio and Tomas Aguirre reset the music in G major. The choral version[permanent dead link] arranged by Nhick Pacis was performed by the UP Concert Chorus.
The English lyrics (entitled as "U.P. Beloved") were taken from a poem by Teogenes Velez, a Liberal Arts student. The translation to Filipino was a composite from seven entries in a contest held by the university. The judges did not find any of the seven translations as fully satisfactory.
Lyrics[94][95]
Sablay
The university uses unique academic regalia, called the "Sablay," which is a sash patterned after the centuries-old sash academic regalia of Scandinavian universities. The "Sablay" is a sash joined in front by an ornament and embroidered or printed with the university's initials in Baybayin script and running geometric motifs of indigenous Filipino ethnic groups. It is traditionally worn over a white or ecru dress for females or an ecru barong Tagalog and black pants for males, although there has been instances wherein the Sablay is worn over other indigenous clothing.[96] Candidates for graduation wear the sablay at the right shoulder, and is then moved to the left shoulder after the President of the university confers their degree, similar to the moving of the tassel of the academic cap.[97]
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Notable alumni
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Perspective
The University of the Philippines has numerous notable alumni and faculty. UP graduated many leading figures in the country.
In the country's political history, UP has produced former Philippine presidents such as José P. Laurel, Diosdado Macapagal, Ferdinand Marcos, and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo; former senators Lorenzo Tañada, Jovito Salonga, Ninoy Aquino, Francis Pangilinan, and Richard J. Gordon; the 14th Vice President Leni Robredo; statesmen Arturo Tolentino, Gerardo Roxas, and Doy Laurel; prominent jurists such as former chief justices Hilario Davide and Maria Lourdes Sereno; and incumbent Congressman Roman Romulo.
In business, UP graduated billionaire and Araneta patriarch Jorge L. Araneta.[98] Antonio Quirino, the founder of the first television station in the Philippines: Alto Broadcasting System (now known as ABS-CBN Corporation), is also a graduate, as is Marla Rausch, the founder and CEO of Animation Vertigo, a motion-capture animation company. UP also produced the first Filipina Nobel Peace Prize laureate with Maria Ressa winning the award in 2021.
In media, UP graduated The Simpsons layout artist Jess Española, who won the first Primetime Emmy Award for his contribution as an assistant director of "Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind" from the 19th season of The Simpsons.[99]
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External links
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