θυμός

See also: θύμος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *tʰūmós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”). Cognates include Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá), Lithuanian dūmas, Latin fūmus, Old Church Slavonic дꙑмъ (dymŭ) and Albanian tym.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /tʰyː.mós/ → /θyˈmos/ → /θiˈmos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /tʰyː.mós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /tʰyˈmos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /θyˈmos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /θyˈmos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /θiˈmos/

Noun

θῡμός • (thūmós) m (genitive θῡμοῦ); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, Koine)

1. soul, as the seat of emotion, feeling, and thought
2. soul, life, breath
3. soul, heart
4. desire, will
5. temper, passion, disposition
6. anger, rage, wrath
7. heart, love
8. thought, mind

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ θῡμός; τοῦ θῡμοῦ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ θῡμός ho thūmós	τὼ θῡμώ tṑ thūmṓ	οἱ θῡμοί hoi thūmoí
Genitive	τοῦ θῡμοῦ toû thūmoû	τοῖν θῡμοῖν toîn thūmoîn	τῶν θῡμῶν tôn thūmôn
Dative	τῷ θῡμῷ tōî thūmōî	τοῖν θῡμοῖν toîn thūmoîn	τοῖς θῡμοῖς toîs thūmoîs
Accusative	τὸν θῡμόν tòn thūmón	τὼ θῡμώ tṑ thūmṓ	τοὺς θῡμούς toùs thūmoús
Vocative	θῡμέ thūmé	θῡμώ thūmṓ	θῡμοί thūmoí
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of θῡμός; θῡμοῦ (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	θῡμός thūmós	θῡμώ thūmṓ	θῡμοί thūmoí
Genitive	θῡμοῦ / θῡμοῖο / θῡμόο thūmoû / thūmoîo / thūmóo	θῡμοῖν / θῡμοῖῐν thūmoî(ĭ)n	θῡμῶν thūmôn
Dative	θῡμῷ thūmōî	θῡμοῖν / θῡμοῖῐν thūmoî(ĭ)n	θῡμοῖς / θῡμοῖσῐ / θῡμοῖσῐν thūmoîs / thūmoîsĭ(n)
Accusative	θῡμόν thūmón	θῡμώ thūmṓ	θῡμούς thūmoús
Vocative	θῡμέ thūmé	θῡμώ thūmṓ	θῡμοί thūmoí
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• ἀγρῐόθῡμος (agrĭóthūmos)
• ἀθῡμία (athūmía)
• ἀπροθῡμία (aprothūmía)
• αὐτοεπιθῡμία (autoepithūmía)
• βαρυθῡμία (baruthūmía)
• γλυκυθῡμία (glukuthūmía)
• Δᾰμᾰσῐ́θῡμος (Dămăsĭ́thūmos)
• διθῡμία (dithūmía)
• δυσθῡμία (dusthūmía)
• ἐκθῡμία (ekthūmía)
• ἐνθῡμέομαι (enthūméomai)
• ἐνθῡμία (enthūmía)
• ἐπιθῡμία (epithūmía)
• εὐθῡμία (euthūmía)
• θῡμαλγής (thūmalgḗs)
• Θῡμοίτης (Thūmoítēs)
• θῡμολέων (thūmoléōn)
• κᾰκόθῡμος (kăkóthūmos)
• μακροθῡμία (makrothūmía)
• μικροθῡμία (mikrothūmía)
• ὀβρῐμόθῡμος (obrĭmóthūmos)
• ὀξύθῡμος (oxúthūmos)
• προεπιθῡμία (proepithūmía)
• προθῡμία (prothūmía)
• ῥᾴθῡμος (rhāíthūmos)

Descendants

• Greek: θυμός (thymós)
• →? Albanian: tym
• → English: alexithymia, arithmothymia, cyclothymia, dysthymia, hyperthymia, hypothymia, isothymia, megalothymia, schizothymia
• → Russian: алекситими́я (aleksitimíja), гипертими́я (gipertimíja), гипотими́я (gipotimíja), дистими́я (distimíja), паратими́я (paratimíja), циклотими́я (ciklotimíja), шизотими́я (šizotimíja)

References

• “θυμός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “θυμός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “θυμός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• θυμός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “θυμός”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G2372 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • aggravation idem, page 18.
  • anger idem, page 29.
  • bosom idem, page 90.
  • bravery idem, page 94.
  • breast idem, page 96.
  • courage idem, page 178.
  • fury idem, page 351.
  • grit idem, page 374.
  • heart idem, page 392.
  • heat idem, page 392.
  • high spirit idem, page 399.
  • indignation idem, page 433.
  • ire idem, page 459.
  • life idem, page 489.
  • mettle idem, page 527.
  • mind idem, page 530.
  • nerve idem, page 556.
  • passion idem, page 597.
  • rage idem, page 668.
  • reins idem, page 688.
  • soul idem, page 796.
  • spirit idem, page 802.
  • stamina idem, page 810.
  • vitality idem, page 955.
  • warmth idem, page 964.
  • wrath idem, page 992.
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Greek

Etymology

From Ancient Greek θυμός (thumós), from Proto-Hellenic *tʰūmós, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /θiˈmos/

Noun

θυμός • (thymós) m (plural θυμοί)

1. anger, rage

Declension

Declension of θυμός

	singular	plural
nominative	θυμός (thymós)	θυμοί (thymoí)
genitive	θυμού (thymoú)	θυμών (thymón)
accusative	θυμό (thymó)	θυμούς (thymoús)
vocative	θυμέ (thymé)	θυμοί (thymoí)

Synonyms

• οργή f (orgí)

Further reading

• θυμός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language