आचार

Hindi

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɑː.t͡ʃɑːɾ/, [äː.t͡ʃäːɾ]

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit आचार (ācāra).

Noun

आचार • (ācār) m (Urdu spelling آچار)

1. conduct, behavior
2. custom, tradition
3. exchange

Declension

Declension of आचार (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	आचार ācār	आचार ācār
oblique	आचार ācār	आचारों ācārõ
vocative	आचार ācār	आचारो ācāro

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian آچار (āčār).

Noun

आचार • (ācār) m (Urdu spelling آچار)

1. alternative form of अचार (acār)

Declension

Declension of आचार (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	आचार ācār	आचार ācār
oblique	आचार ācār	आचारों ācārõ
vocative	आचार ācār	आचारो ācāro

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• আচাৰ (Assamese script)
• ᬆᬘᬵᬭ (Balinese script)
• আচার (Bengali script)
• 𑰁𑰓𑰯𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀆𑀘𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
• အာစာရ (Burmese script)
• આચાર (Gujarati script)
• ਆਚਾਰ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌆𑌚𑌾𑌰 (Grantha script)
• ꦄꦴꦕꦴꦫ (Javanese script)
• 𑂄𑂒𑂰𑂩 (Kaithi script)
• ಆಚಾರ (Kannada script)
• អាចារ (Khmer script)
• ອາຈາຣ (Lao script)
• ആചാര (Malayalam script)
• ᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢜᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘁𑘓𑘰𑘨 (Modi script)
• ᠠᢗᢋᠠᢗᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦡𑦳𑧑𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐁𑐔𑐵𑐬 (Newa script)
• ଆଚାର (Odia script)
• ꢃꢗꢵꢬ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆄𑆖𑆳𑆫 (Sharada script)
• 𑖁𑖓𑖯𑖨 (Siddham script)
• ආචාර (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩐𑩛𑩡𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚁𑚏𑚭𑚤 (Takri script)
• ஆசார (Tamil script)
• ఆచార (Telugu script)
• อาจาร (Thai script)
• ཨཱ་ཙཱ་ར (Tibetan script)
• 𑒂𑒔𑒰𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨀𑨊𑨣𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

आ- (ā-) +‎ चार (cāra), the latter from the root चर् (car).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɑː.t͡ɕɑː.ɾɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɑː.t͡ɕɑː.ɾɐ/

Noun

आचार • (ācāra) stem, m

1. conduct, manner of action, behaviour, good behaviour, good conduct
2. custom, practice, usage, traditional or immemorial usage (as the foundation of law)
   • c. 400 CE, Kālidāsa, Raghuvaṃśa 2.13:

     पृक्तस्तुषारैर्गिरिनिर्झराणमनोकहाकम्पितपुष्पगन्धी।
     तमातपक्लान्तमनातपत्रमाचारपूतं पवनो निषेवे

     pṛktastuṣārairgirinirjharāṇamanokahākampitapuṣpagandhī.
     tamātapaklāntamanātapatramācārapūtaṃ pavano niṣeve

     the sprays of mountain torrents melt with odorous flowers and the breeze sways the trees (lit. “the ones not quitting home”)
     and he (ie, Dilipa), although unumbrellaed and tired by the sun, is followed by pure customs

3. an established rule of conduct, ordinance, institute, precept
4. rule, line

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of आचार

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	आचारः (ācāraḥ)	आचारौ (ācārau) आचारा¹ (ācārā¹)	आचाराः (ācārāḥ) आचारासः¹ (ācārāsaḥ¹)
accusative	आचारम् (ācāram)	आचारौ (ācārau) आचारा¹ (ācārā¹)	आचारान् (ācārān)
instrumental	आचारेण (ācāreṇa)	आचाराभ्याम् (ācārābhyām)	आचारैः (ācāraiḥ) आचारेभिः¹ (ācārebhiḥ¹)
dative	आचाराय (ācārāya)	आचाराभ्याम् (ācārābhyām)	आचारेभ्यः (ācārebhyaḥ)
ablative	आचारात् (ācārāt)	आचाराभ्याम् (ācārābhyām)	आचारेभ्यः (ācārebhyaḥ)
genitive	आचारस्य (ācārasya)	आचारयोः (ācārayoḥ)	आचाराणाम् (ācārāṇām)
locative	आचारे (ācāre)	आचारयोः (ācārayoḥ)	आचारेषु (ācāreṣu)
vocative	आचार (ācāra)	आचारौ (ācārau) आचारा¹ (ācārā¹)	आचाराः (ācārāḥ) आचारासः¹ (ācārāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• आचारभेद (ācārabheda, “breaking the rules of traditional usage”)
• आचारभ्रष्ट (ācārabhraṣṭa, “out of fashion, fallen from custom”)
• आचारी (ācārī, “conduct, manner, action”)
• आचार्य (ācārya, “teacher”)

Descendants

• Assamese: আৱাৰ (awar)
• → Malay: acara
  • Indonesian: acara
• → Old Javanese: ācāra
  • Javanese: ꦲꦕꦫ (acara), ꦕꦫ (cara)
  • → Balinese: ᬆᬘᬵᬭ (acara), ᬘᬭ (cara)
  • >? Malay: cara
    • > Indonesian: cara (inherited)
    • > Peranakan Indonesian: tjara (inherited)

References

• Monier Williams (1899), “आचार”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 131/3.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “ācāra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press