ὦμος

See also: ώμος, ωμός, and ὠμός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃émōs. Cognates include Sanskrit अंस (áṃsa), Latin umerus, Old Armenian ուս (us), and Gothic 𐌰𐌼𐍃 (ams).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ɔ̂ː.mos/ → /ˈo.mos/ → /ˈo.mos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ɔ̂ː.mos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈo.mos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.mos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈo.mos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈo.mos/

Noun

ὦμος • (ômos) m (genitive ὤμου); second declension

1. shoulder with the upper arm; also of an animal
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.146:

      […], τὸν δ᾽ ἕτερον ξίφεϊ μεγάλῳ κληῗδα παρ᾽ ὦμον πλῆξ᾽, ἀπὸ δ᾽ αὐχένος ὦμον ἐέργαθεν ἠδ᾽ ἀπὸ νώτου.

      […], tòn d’ héteron xípheï megálōi klēï̂da par’ ômon plêx’, apò d’ aukhénos ômon eérgathen ēd’ apò nṓtou.

      […], the other with his long sword on the collarbone, shearing the shoulder from the neck and spine.

   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.106:

     "ἐγὼ τήνδε τὴν χώρην ὤμοισι τοῖσι ἐμοῖσι ἐκτησάμην."

     "egṑ tḗnde tḕn khṓrēn ṓmoisi toîsi emoîsi ektēsámēn."

     "I myself won this land with the strength of my shoulders."

   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.267:

      […]· ὑψοῦ δὲ κάρη ἔχει, ἀμφὶ δὲ χαῖται ὤμοις ἀΐσσονται· […]

      […]; hupsoû dè kárē ékhei, amphì dè khaîtai ṓmois aḯssontai; […]

      […], tossing his head while his mane streams over his shoulders, […]

   • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 430:

      […]· γλαυκιόων δ᾽ ὄσσοις δεινὸν πλευράς τε καὶ ὤμους οὐρῇ μαστιόων ποσσὶν γλάφει, […]

      […]; glaukióōn d’ óssois deinòn pleurás te kaì ṓmous ourēî mastióōn possìn gláphei, […]

     […] his eyes glare fiercely, while he tears up the earth with his paws and lashes his flanks and shoulders with his tail […]

   1. (particularly) shoulder (sometimes in contrast to the arm)

      Synonyms: πρῠμνὸς ὦμος (prŭmnòs ômos), πρῠμνότᾰτος (prŭmnótătos)

      • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 15.341:

        Δηΐοχον δὲ Πάρις βάλε νείατον ὦμον ὄπισθε φεύγοντ᾽ ἐν προμάχοισι, διὰ πρὸ δὲ χαλκὸν ἔλασσεν.

        Dēḯokhon dè Páris bále neíaton ômon ópisthe pheúgont’ en promákhoisi, dià prò dè khalkòn élassen.

        Deiochus fled with the other leaders, but Paris struck him from behind at the base of the shoulder, and drove the bronze clean through.

      • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, Theogony 150:

        τῶν ἑκατὸν μὲν χεῖρες ἀπ᾽ ὤμων ἀίσσοντο, ἄπλαστοι, κεφαλαὶ δὲ ἑκάστῳ πεντήκοντα ἐξ ὤμων ἐπέφυκον ἐπὶ στιβαροῖσι μέλεσσιν· […]

        tôn hekatòn mèn kheîres ap’ ṓmōn aíssonto, áplastoi, kephalaì dè hekástōi pentḗkonta ex ṓmōn epéphukon epì stibaroîsi mélessin; […]

        From their shoulders sprang a hundred arms, not to be approached, and fifty heads grew from the shoulders upon the strong limbs of each, […]

   2. shoulder of a dress
      • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Exodus 28.12:

        καὶ θήσεις τοὺς δύο λίθους ἐπὶ τῶν ὤμων τῆς ἐπωμίδος· […]

        kaì thḗseis toùs dúo líthous epì tôn ṓmōn tês epōmídos; […]

        And you shall set the two stones on the shoulders of the shoulder-strap.

2. (figurative) parts below the top or head of anything, especially of the fork of a vine

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ὦμος; τοῦ ὤμου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ὦμος ho ômos	τὼ ὤμω tṑ ṓmō	οἱ ὦμοι hoi ômoi
Genitive	τοῦ ὤμου toû ṓmou	τοῖν ὤμοιν toîn ṓmoin	τῶν ὤμων tôn ṓmōn
Dative	τῷ ὤμῳ tōî ṓmōi	τοῖν ὤμοιν toîn ṓmoin	τοῖς ὤμοις toîs ṓmois
Accusative	τὸν ὦμον tòn ômon	τὼ ὤμω tṑ ṓmō	τοὺς ὤμους toùs ṓmous
Vocative	ὦμε ôme	ὤμω ṓmō	ὦμοι ômoi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of ὦμος; ὤμου (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὦμος ômos	ὤμω ṓmō	ὦμοι ômoi
Genitive	ὤμου / ὠμοῖο / ὤμοιο / ὠμόο / ὤμοο ṓmou / ōmoîo / ṓmoio / ōmóo / ṓmoo	ὤμοιν / ὤμοιῐν ṓmoi(ĭ)n	ὤμων ṓmōn
Dative	ὤμῳ ṓmōi	ὤμοιν / ὤμοιῐν ṓmoi(ĭ)n	ὤμοισῐ / ὤμοισῐν / ὤμοις ṓmoisĭ(n) / ṓmois
Accusative	ὦμον ômon	ὤμω ṓmō	ὤμους ṓmous
Vocative	ὦμε ôme	ὤμω ṓmō	ὦμοι ômoi
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• ᾰ̓κρωμῐ́ᾱ (ăkrōmĭ́ā)
• ᾰ̓́μφωμος (ắmphōmos)
• ᾰ̓́ντωμος (ắntōmos)
• ᾰ̓́νωμος (ắnōmos)
• ἔξωμος (éxōmos)
• κᾰ́τωμος (kắtōmos)
• ὠμᾰ́δῐος (ōmắdĭos)
• ὠμᾰδῐ́ς (ōmădĭ́s)
• ὠμᾰλγῐ́ᾱ (ōmălgĭ́ā)
• ὠμᾰχθής (ōmăkhthḗs)
• ὠμῐ́ᾱ (ōmĭ́ā)
• ὠμῐ́ᾱς (ōmĭ́ās)
• ὠμῐ́ᾱσῐς (ōmĭ́āsĭs)
• ὠμῐ́δῐος (ōmĭ́dĭos)
• ὠμῐ́ζομαι (ōmĭ́zomai)
• ὤμῐον (ṓmĭon)
• ὠμοίδης (ōmoídēs)
• ὠμοκοτῠ́λη (ōmokotŭ́lē)
• ὠμοκρᾰτής (ōmokrătḗs)
• ὠμοκῡδῐᾰ́ω (ōmokūdĭắō)
• ὠμοπλᾰ́τη (ōmoplắtē)
• ὠμοτᾰ́ρῑχος (ōmotắrīkhos)
• ὠμοφόρος (ōmophóros)
• ὠμοχᾰ́ρᾰξ (ōmokhắrăx)

Descendants

• ⇒ English: omo-
• Greek: ώμος (ómos)
• ⇒ New Latin: ōmohȳoīdēs, ōmohȳoīdeus

See also

• ὠλένη (ōlénē)

References

• “ὦμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ὦμος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ὦμος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ὦμος in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• ὦμος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “ὦμος”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G5606 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • shoulder idem, page 769.
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN