泉

泉 U+6CC9, 泉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CC9 ← 泈 [U+6CC8] CJK Unified Ideographs 泊 → [U+6CCA]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

泉 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹日水 (HAE), four-corner 2623₂, composition ⿱白水)

Derived characters

• 腺, 𫇋, 𧪒, 𤀁

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 615, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17274
• Dae Jaweon: page 1009, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1576, character 10
• Unihan data for U+6CC9

Chinese

simp. and trad.		泉
alternative forms		𤽄 湶

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 泉
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

	Old Chinese
線	*sqʰeːns
泉	*sɡʷen
葲	*sɡʷen
灥	*kʰʷjen, *sɢʷin

Characters in the same phonetic series (泉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Pictogram (象形) or ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 白 (“spring mouth”) + 水 (“water”) – water flowing from the source of a spring. See also 原.

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs the Old Chinese as *dzwan and also reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tso (“to bubble; to boil”) (> Tibetan འཚོད་པ ('tshod pa, “to be boiled”), Tibetan བཙོས (btsos, “to cook in boiling water”), Burmese ဆူ (hcu, “to boil; to bubble”)), and considers 泉 (OC *sɡʷen, “spring (of water)”) to be cognate to it (with an n-suffix nominalization). However, STEDT considers the above three Tibeto-Burman terms to be descended from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *tsjow (“to boil; to burn; to bake; to bake”), to which 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to roast; to burn; to scorch”) is cognate.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	泉
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	仙 (78)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	疾緣切
Baxter	dzjwen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ziuᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡zʷiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡zjuæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡zwian/
Li Rong	/d͡ziuɛn/
Wang Li	/d͡zĭwɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/d͡zʱi̯wɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	quán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cyun4

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	泉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	quán
Middle Chinese	‹ dzjwen ›
Old Chinese	/*s-N-ɢʷar/ (MC I!)
English	spring, source
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	泉
Reading #	1/1
No.	10728
Phonetic component	泉
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	全
Old Chinese	/*sɡʷen/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): quán (quan²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄢˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): cyun⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): tun³

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhièn

  (Hailu, HRS): can

  (Meixian, Guangdong): can²

• Jin (Wiktionary): qye¹
• Northern Min (KCR): cṳ̂ing
• Eastern Min (BUC): ciòng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): syor² / syann² / zuinn² / zynn² / soeng² / syoeng²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chôaⁿ / choân

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zuan⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zhi
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jienn²

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: quán
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cyuán
    • Wade–Giles: chʻüan²
    • Yale: chywán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyuan
    • Palladius: цюань (cjuanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: cyun⁴
    • Yale: chyùhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsyn⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: qun⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰyːn²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: tun³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰun²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhièn
    • Hakka Romanization System: qien^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: qian²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰi̯en¹¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: can
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰan⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: can²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰan¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: qye¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕʰye¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cṳ̂ing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡syiŋ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ciòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suoŋ⁵³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: syor²
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sió̤ⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬyɒ¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: syann²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬỹã²⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zuinn²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sũĩ²⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: zynn²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sỹ²⁴/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: soeng²
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sé̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬœŋ¹³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: syoeng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬyøŋ²⁴/

Note:

• syor2/syann2 - vernacular;
• zuinn2 - vernacular (only used in 泉州, more common);
• zynn2 - vernacular (only used in 泉州, less common);
• soeng2/syoeng2 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chôaⁿ / choân
    • Tâi-lô: tsuânn / tsuân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zvoaa, zoaan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡suã²⁴/, /t͡suan²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡suã²⁴/, /t͡suan²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡suã¹³/, /t͡suan¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡suã²⁴/, /t͡suan²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡suã²³/, /t͡suan²³/
Note:
• chôaⁿ - vernacular;
• choân - literary.
• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zuan⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsuâⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sũã⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zhi
    • MiniDict: zhi^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³xxi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑi²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: jienn²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ẽ¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: dzjwen

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-N-ɢʷar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sɡʷen/

Definitions

泉

1. springwater (Classifier: 口 m; 眼 m)

   溫泉／温泉  ―  wēnquán  ―  hot spring

   甘泉  ―  gānquán  ―  sweet springwater

2. mouth of a spring
3. mythical abode of the dead

   黃泉／黄泉  ―  huángquán  ―  netherworld

4. (historical) an ancient type of coin
5. Short for 泉州 (Quánzhōu, “Quanzhou”).

Synonyms

• (springwater):

edit

• 水泉 (shuǐquán) (literary or Min Nan)
• 泉水 (quánshuǐ)

• (mouth of a spring):

edit

• 泉眼 (quányǎn)
• 泉空 (Hokkien)
• 浸水眼 (cin⁴ xyei³ ngan³) (Xiang)

Compounds

• 三泉
• 下泉
• 不飲盜泉 / 不饮盗泉
• 九泉 (jiǔquán)
• 乳泉
• 五眼泉 (Wǔyǎnquán)
• 冷泉 (lěngquán)
• 冽泉 (lièquán)
• 千泉 (Qiānquán)
• 卓刀泉 (Zhuódāoquán)
• 噴泉 / 喷泉 (pēnquán)
• 奔泉
• 寒泉之思
• 寶泉局 / 宝泉局
• 山泉 (shānquán)
• 平泉莊 / 平泉庄
• 廉泉
• 思如泉湧 / 思如泉涌
• 思如湧泉 / 思如涌泉
• 思若湧泉 / 思若涌泉
• 息影林泉
• 操瓶湧泉 / 操瓶涌泉
• 文思泉湧 / 文思泉涌
• 月牙泉 (Yuèyáquán)
• 林泉 (línquán)
• 毖泉
• 水泉 (shuǐquán)
• 氿泉 (guǐquán)
• 泉下 (quánxià)
• 泉世 (quánshì)
• 泉口 (Quánkǒu)
• 泉壤 (quánrǎng)
• 泉子
• 泉州 (Quánzhōu)
• 泉幣 / 泉币 (quánbì)
• 泉幣文字 / 泉币文字
• 泉扃
• 泉水 (quánshuǐ)
• 沸泉 (fèiquán)
• 泉湧 / 泉涌
• 泉源 (quányuán)
• 泉溪 (Quánxī)
• 泉溝 / 泉沟 (Quángōu)
• 泉眼 (quányǎn)
• 泉石 (quánshí)
• 泉石膏肓
• 泉脈 / 泉脉 (quánmài)
• 泉臺 / 泉台 (quántái)
• 泉貝 / 泉贝
• 泉路 (quánlù)
• 洪泉 (hóngquán)
• 流泉 (liúquán)
• 淚如泉湧 / 泪如泉涌 (lèirúquányǒng)
• 清泉 (qīngquán)
• 淵泉 / 渊泉
• 湧泉 / 涌泉
• 湯泉 / 汤泉 (tāngquán)
• 渴驥奔泉 / 渴骥奔泉
• 源泉 (yuánquán)
• 溫泉 / 温泉 (wēnquán)
• 溫泉浴 / 温泉浴
• 源泉萬斛 / 源泉万斛
• 澧泉
• 濆泉 / 𣸣泉
• 瀵泉
• 火然泉達 / 火然泉达
• 玉泉 (Yùquán)
• 玻璃泉
• 甘泉 (gānquán)
• 甘泉必竭
• 白泉 (báiquán)
• 盜泉 / 盗泉 (Dàoquán)
• 盜泉寧渴 / 盗泉宁渴
• 石泉
• 硫磺泉
• 碧落黃泉 / 碧落黄泉
• 礦泉 / 矿泉 (kuàngquán)
• 礦泉水 / 矿泉水 (kuàngquánshuǐ)
• 神泉
• 萬斛泉源 / 万斛泉源
• 窮泉 / 穷泉
• 荒漠甘泉
• 言泉 (yánquán)
• 誓泉之譏 / 誓泉之讥
• 謀如湧泉 / 谋如涌泉
• 貨泉 / 货泉
• 貪泉酌飲 / 贪泉酌饮
• 趵突泉
• 趵突泉詩 / 趵突泉诗
• 酒泉 (jiǔquán)
• 醴泉
• 重泉 (zhòngquán)
• 間歇噴泉 / 间歇喷泉
• 間歇泉 / 间歇泉 (jiànxiēquán)
• 阪泉
• 飛泉 / 飞泉 (fēiquán)
• 馬跑泉 / 马跑泉
• 鹽泉 / 盐泉
• 黃泉 / 黄泉 (huángquán)
• 龍泉 / 龙泉 (lóngquán)
• 龍泉窯 / 龙泉窑

References

• “泉”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “泉”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 517.
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “泉”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 194.