-inen

See also: inen

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Originally also had the variant -nen, but in the standard language, the two variants have been made distinct by giving them different uses.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-inen/, [-ine̞n]
• IPA^(key): /-ne(n)/, [-ne̞(n)] (colloquial, dialectal; see usage notes)

Suffix

-inen

1. Creates adjectives:
   1. Creates adjectives signifying a certain quality: -like, -ous, -y

      ‎vuoristo (“mountain range”) + ‎-inen → ‎vuoristoinen (“mountainous”)

      ‎sotku (“mess”) + ‎-inen → ‎sotkuinen (“messy”)

      ‎talvi (“winter”) + ‎-inen → ‎talvinen (“wintry”)

   2. Creates adjectives indicating a material of which something is made: -en

      ‎kulta (“gold”) + ‎-inen → ‎kultainen (“golden”)

      ‎puu (“tree; wood”) + ‎-inen → ‎puinen (“wooden”)

   3. Creates adjectives from present active participles, indicating a tendency to be/do something.

      ‎taipuva (“flexible”) + ‎-inen → ‎taipuvainen (“inclined, predisposed (to do something)”)

   4. Creates adjectives from foreign roots: -ic

      ‎demokraatti- + ‎-inen → ‎demokraattinen (“democratic”)

      ‎konstruktiivi- + ‎-inen → ‎konstruktiivinen (“constructive”)

Usage notes

• This suffix is highly productive.
• All -inen nominals belong to declension class 38 (nainen). Nominals belonging to this class have special combining forms.
  • The combining form used for most -inen derivatives (including basically all nouns) before other words in a compound: the final -nen is replaced with -s-:

    erikoinen → erikois-     pohjoinen → pohjois-     yhteinen → yhteis-

  • For -inen words where the root is of Latin or Greek origin, the -s- too is often dropped.

    nominaalinen → nominaali-     sosiaalinen → sosiaali-     virtuaalinen → virtuaali-

  • -inen adjectives which derive from other nominals may have combining forms that behave as if the suffix were not present.

    punainen (< puna) → puna-     kertakäyttöinen (< kerta + käyttö) → kertakäyttö-     monitoiminen (< moni + toimi) → monitoimi-

• When appended to verbs ending in -taa, -tää, the verb stem ending in -te- is used.

  kerrostaa → kerrosteinen

• Should not be confused with the diminutive suffix -nen in the standard language. The two suffixes are however etymologically identical and hence the distinction may not be observed in some dialects.
  • Colloquially and dialectally, -inen may lose its -i-. In the most common variants of colloquial Finnish, the -i- is elided if it is unstressed and immediately preceded by a vowel that is not e and is in the same syllable as -i- (i.e. part of a -Vi- diphthong). The dropping may be avoided if it would result in an unacceptable amount of ambiguity.
• -hinen was originally a distinct suffix, but has become confused with -inen, and most speakers do not recognize them as separate suffixes.
• With foods, the resulting adjective can be translated generally as "containing or resembling ...". For example, an adjective like mansikkainen (← mansikka (“strawberry”)) refers to something that has a prominent strawberry flavor or aroma, usually because strawberry was an ingredient. If the flavor was obtained artificially, or one otherwise wishes to emphasize the flavor, one might want to instead use an adjective such as mansikanmakuinen ~ mansikan makuinen (“strawberry-flavored”). If one wishes to emphasize that something does contain strawberry, especially in technical contexts, one may say mansikkaa sisältävä or mansikkapitoinen.

Declension

Inflection of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
nominative		-inen	-iset
genitive		-isen	-isten -isien
partitive		-ista	-isia
illative		-iseen	-isiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-inen	-iset
accusative	nom.	-inen	-iset
	gen.	-isen
genitive		-isen	-isten -isien
partitive		-ista	-isia
inessive		-isessa	-isissa
elative		-isesta	-isista
illative		-iseen	-isiin
adessive		-isella	-isilla
ablative		-iselta	-isilta
allative		-iselle	-isille
essive		-isena	-isina
translative		-iseksi	-isiksi
abessive		-isetta	-isitta
instructive		—	-isin
comitative		—	-isine

Possessive forms of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -iseni -iseni accusative nom. -iseni -iseni gen. -iseni genitive -iseni -isteni -isieni partitive -istani -isiani inessive -isessani -isissani elative -isestani -isistani illative -iseeni -isiini adessive -isellani -isillani ablative -iseltani -isiltani allative -iselleni -isilleni essive -isenani -isinani translative -isekseni -isikseni abessive -isettani -isittani instructive — — comitative — -isineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -isesi -isesi accusative nom. -isesi -isesi gen. -isesi genitive -isesi -istesi -isiesi partitive -istasi -isiasi inessive -isessasi -isissasi elative -isestasi -isistasi illative -iseesi -isiisi adessive -isellasi -isillasi ablative -iseltasi -isiltasi allative -isellesi -isillesi essive -isenasi -isinasi translative -iseksesi -isiksesi abessive -isettasi -isittasi instructive — — comitative — -isinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -isemme -isemme accusative nom. -isemme -isemme gen. -isemme genitive -isemme -istemme -isiemme partitive -istamme -isiamme inessive -isessamme -isissamme elative -isestamme -isistamme illative -iseemme -isiimme adessive -isellamme -isillamme ablative -iseltamme -isiltamme allative -isellemme -isillemme essive -isenamme -isinamme translative -iseksemme -isiksemme abessive -isettamme -isittamme instructive — — comitative — -isinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -isenne -isenne accusative nom. -isenne -isenne gen. -isenne genitive -isenne -istenne -isienne partitive -istanne -isianne inessive -isessanne -isissanne elative -isestanne -isistanne illative -iseenne -isiinne adessive -isellanne -isillanne ablative -iseltanne -isiltanne allative -isellenne -isillenne essive -isenanne -isinanne translative -iseksenne -isiksenne abessive -isettanne -isittanne instructive — — comitative — -isinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -isensa -isensa accusative nom. -isensa -isensa gen. -isensa genitive -isensa -istensa -isiensa partitive -istaan -istansa -isiaan -isiansa inessive -isessaan -isessansa -isissaan -isissansa elative -isestaan -isestansa -isistaan -isistansa illative -iseensa -isiinsa adessive -isellaan -isellansa -isillaan -isillansa ablative -iseltaan -iseltansa -isiltaan -isiltansa allative -iselleen -isellensa -isilleen -isillensa essive -isenaan -isenansa -isinaan -isinansa translative -isekseen -iseksensa -isikseen -isiksensa abessive -isettaan -isettansa -isittaan -isittansa instructive — — comitative — -isineen -isinensa

Inflection of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
nominative		-inen	-iset
genitive		-isen	-isten -isien
partitive		-istä	-isiä
illative		-iseen	-isiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-inen	-iset
accusative	nom.	-inen	-iset
	gen.	-isen
genitive		-isen	-isten -isien
partitive		-istä	-isiä
inessive		-isessä	-isissä
elative		-isestä	-isistä
illative		-iseen	-isiin
adessive		-isellä	-isillä
ablative		-iseltä	-isiltä
allative		-iselle	-isille
essive		-isenä	-isinä
translative		-iseksi	-isiksi
abessive		-isettä	-isittä
instructive		—	-isin
comitative		—	-isine

Possessive forms of -inen (Kotus type 38/nainen, no gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -iseni -iseni accusative nom. -iseni -iseni gen. -iseni genitive -iseni -isteni -isieni partitive -istäni -isiäni inessive -isessäni -isissäni elative -isestäni -isistäni illative -iseeni -isiini adessive -iselläni -isilläni ablative -iseltäni -isiltäni allative -iselleni -isilleni essive -isenäni -isinäni translative -isekseni -isikseni abessive -isettäni -isittäni instructive — — comitative — -isineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -isesi -isesi accusative nom. -isesi -isesi gen. -isesi genitive -isesi -istesi -isiesi partitive -istäsi -isiäsi inessive -isessäsi -isissäsi elative -isestäsi -isistäsi illative -iseesi -isiisi adessive -iselläsi -isilläsi ablative -iseltäsi -isiltäsi allative -isellesi -isillesi essive -isenäsi -isinäsi translative -iseksesi -isiksesi abessive -isettäsi -isittäsi instructive — — comitative — -isinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -isemme -isemme accusative nom. -isemme -isemme gen. -isemme genitive -isemme -istemme -isiemme partitive -istämme -isiämme inessive -isessämme -isissämme elative -isestämme -isistämme illative -iseemme -isiimme adessive -isellämme -isillämme ablative -iseltämme -isiltämme allative -isellemme -isillemme essive -isenämme -isinämme translative -iseksemme -isiksemme abessive -isettämme -isittämme instructive — — comitative — -isinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -isenne -isenne accusative nom. -isenne -isenne gen. -isenne genitive -isenne -istenne -isienne partitive -istänne -isiänne inessive -isessänne -isissänne elative -isestänne -isistänne illative -iseenne -isiinne adessive -isellänne -isillänne ablative -iseltänne -isiltänne allative -isellenne -isillenne essive -isenänne -isinänne translative -iseksenne -isiksenne abessive -isettänne -isittänne instructive — — comitative — -isinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -isensä -isensä accusative nom. -isensä -isensä gen. -isensä genitive -isensä -istensä -isiensä partitive -istään -istänsä -isiään -isiänsä inessive -isessään -isessänsä -isissään -isissänsä elative -isestään -isestänsä -isistään -isistänsä illative -iseensä -isiinsä adessive -isellään -isellänsä -isillään -isillänsä ablative -iseltään -iseltänsä -isiltään -isiltänsä allative -iselleen -isellensä -isilleen -isillensä essive -isenään -isenänsä -isinään -isinänsä translative -isekseen -iseksensä -isikseen -isiksensä abessive -isettään -isettänsä -isittään -isittänsä instructive — — comitative — -isineen -isinensä

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -inen

suffixes

• -hinen
• -iainen
• -istaa
• -kainen
• -lainen
• -llinen
• -mainen
• -minen
• -nainen
• -nnainen
• -oinen
• -tuinen
• -uainen

 

Anagrams

• Enni, enin