-mu

See also: Appendix:Variations of "mu"

Estonian

Etymology

Etymology unclear. Originally dialectal, revitalised by Estonian terminologist and lexicographer Johannes Voldemar Veski. Possibly from Proto-Finnic *-ma + Proto-Finnic *-o. Compare Finnish -mo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈ-mu/

Suffix

-mu (genitive -mu, partitive -mut)

1. Forms nouns indicating a place.

   ‎valama (“to pour”) + ‎-mu → ‎valamu (“sink, basin”)

   ‎vara (“asset”) + ‎-mu → ‎varamu (“collection of assets with a high value”)

   ‎püha (“sacred, holy, saint”) + ‎-mu → ‎pühamu (“sanctuary”)

   ‎era- (“private”) + ‎-mu → ‎eramu (“private house”)

Declension

Declension of -mu (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-mu	-mud
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-mu
genitive			-mute
partitive		-mut	-muid
illative		-musse	-mutesse -muisse
inessive		-mus	-mutes -muis
elative		-must	-mutest -muist
allative		-mule	-mutele -muile
adessive		-mul	-mutel -muil
ablative		-mult	-mutelt -muilt
translative		-muks	-muteks -muiks
terminative		-muni	-muteni
essive		-muna	-mutena
abessive		-muta	-muteta
comitative		-muga	-mutega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -mu

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• -moe (pre-1947)

Etymology

From Malay -mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /mu/

Suffix

-mu

1. (casual or informal, usually singular) Second person oblique enclitic pronoun.
   1. As an possesive adjective.

      temanmu ― your friend

   2. As an direct or indirect object

      mereka sedang mencarimu ― they're looking for you

      ayah akan memberimu uang ― Father will give you money

   3. As an object of a preposition, with the exception for 'di', 'ke', and 'dalam'.

      hadiah ini untukmu ― this gift is for you

Usage notes

As with other enclitic pronouns in the language, this enclitic is optional.

See also

• -ku
• -nya

Further reading

• “-mu” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Japanese

Romanization

-mu

1. Rōmaji transcription of む

Kambera

Pronoun

-mu

1. second person singular genitive enclitic

See also

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Dative
1sg	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
2sg	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
3sg	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
1pl.incl	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
2pl	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
3pl	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Kambera pronominal clitics

Laboya

Pronoun

-mu

1. second person singular subject enclitic
2. second person singular possessive enclitic

See also

	Subject	Subject/Possessive	Object
Person
1sg	gu-	-gu	-ga
2sg	mu-	-mu	-gu
3sg	na-	-na	-ni
1pl.incl	da-	-da	-da
1pl.excl	ma-	-ma	-gama
2pl	mi-	-mi	-gimi
3pl	ɗa-	-ɗa	-di

Laboya pronominal clitics

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-mu/
• Rhymes: -mu, -u

Suffix

-mu

1. your.

   Aku telah memulangkan penselmu.

   I've returned your pencil.

2. you. (object)

   Aku rela berada bersamamu.

   I'd rather be with you.

See also

Malay personal pronouns
		singular	plural
1st person	standard	saya／ساي aku／اکو, ku-／كو- (informal/towards God) -ku／-كو (informal possessive) hamba／همبا (dated)	kami／کامي (exclusive) kita orang／كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita／کيت (inclusive)
	royal	beta／بيتا
2nd person	standard	kamu／کامو anda／اندا (formal)
		engkau／اڠکاو, kau-／كاو- (informal/towards God) awak／اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu／-مو (possessive)	awak semua／اوق سموا kamu semua／كامو سموا kalian／کالين (informal) kau orang／كاو اورڠ (informal)
	royal	tuanku／توانكو
3rd person	standard	dia／دي ia／اي beliau／بلياو (honorific) -nya／-ڽ (possessive)	mereka／مريک dia orang／دي اورڠ (informal)
	royal	baginda／بݢيندا

Northern Ohlone

Suffix

-mu

1. (Marks comitative case of nouns), with, alongside, in the company of
   • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes‎:

     Hippiš wattinekne nuhhu i-šuyakmamu

     He only went there with his relatives

1. (Marks personal locative in pronouns, takes place of -tak which is only used for nouns), with, alongside, toward (someone)
   • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes‎:

     hajji nommo kaanamu

     come here with me

Quechua

Suffix

-mu

1. cislocative, translocative.

   apay (“to carry”) → apamuy (“to bring; to take”)

   tiyay (“to sit”) → tiyamuy (“to come sit; to go sit”)

Uneapa

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *-mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-mu, from Proto-Austronesian *-amu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-mi/

Suffix

-mu

1. A second-person plural possessive suffix.

Further reading

• Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 365