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and

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "and"

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Ansus with d as a placeholder.

Symbol

and

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Ansus.

See also

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation


Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian än (“and”), Saterland Frisian un (“and”), West Frisian en (“and”), Dutch en, ende (“and”), German und (“and”), German Low German on, un (“and”), Luxembourgish an (“and”), Vilamovian an, ana (“and”), Yiddish און (un), אונ (un), אונד (und), אונ׳ (un', “and”), Danish end (“still; ever; even”), Faroese enn (“still, yet”), Icelandic en (“and”), enn (“still, yet”), Norwegian Bokmål enn (“and”), Norwegian Nynorsk en, enn (“and”), Swedish än (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”). Doublet of an ("if").

Alternative forms

Conjunction

and

  1. As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
    1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8th c.]
      • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:
        Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]
      • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:
        Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:1:
        In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
      • 1817 (date written), [Jane Austen], Persuasion; published in Northanger Abbey: And Persuasion. […], volume (please specify |volume=III or IV), London: John Murray, […], 20 December 1817 (indicated as 1818), →OCLC:
        as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.
      • 2011 November 5, Mark Townsend, The Guardian:
        ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’
    2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8th c.]
      • 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:
        When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.
      • 2011 November 5, Helena Smith, Tom Kington, The Guardian:
        "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.
    3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9th c.]
      I'd been walking since sunrise, and I were hungry.
      • 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:
        ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’
      • 2004 August 22, Will Buckley, The Observer:
        One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.
      • 2007: Jimmy Carr, 8 out of 10 Cats, 13th day of July episode
        Romance is dead; men killed it, and made women clean up the mess.
    4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th–17th c.]
    5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (now dated); connecting shillings to pence in a monetary quantity (now historical); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10th c.]
      • 1863 November 19, Abraham Lincoln, Dedicatory Remarks (Gettysburg Address)‎, near Soldiers' National Cemetery, →LCCN, Bliss copy, page 1:
        Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
      • 1905 April–October, Upton Sinclair, chapter XXVI, in The Jungle, New York, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 26 February 1906, →OCLC:
        In Chicago these latter were receiving, for the most part, eighteen and a half cents an hour, and the unions wished to make this the general wage for the next year.
      • 1915, W. Somerset Maugham, chapter 13, in Of Human Bondage:
        [H]e had bought the pen-holder during his last holidays at Blackstable for one and two-pence.
      • 1956, Dodie Smith, (title):
        The One Hundred and One Dalmatians.
    6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
      • 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:
        And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.
      • 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):
        Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!
    7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10th c.]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms CXLV::
        I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.
      • 2011 March 18, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian:
        He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’
    8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10th c.]
      • 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:
        The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.
      • 2008 January 29, The Guardian:
        President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.
    9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation XIV::
        And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].
      • 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC:
        ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].
      • 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:
        ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’
    10. (now dialectal or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14th c.]
    11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16th c.]
      • 1936, The Labour Monthly, volume XVIII:
        Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.
      • 1972, Esquire, volume LXXVIII:
        "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."
    12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb). [from 17th c.]
      Two and two is/are four.
      • 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:
        ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’
      • 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:
        ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’
  2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
    1. (now US dialect) If; provided that. [from 13th c.]
    2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15th–17th c.]
  3. (mathematics, logic) Connecting two well-formed formulas to create a new well-formed formula that requires it to only be true when both of the two formulas are true.
Usage notes
Usage notes

Beginning a sentence with and or other coordinating conjunctions is considered incorrect by classical grammarians arguing that a coordinating conjunction at the start of a sentence has nothing to connect, but use of the word in this way is very common. The practice will be found in literature from Anglo-Saxon times onwards, especially as an aid to continuity in narrative and dialogue. The OED provides examples from the 9th century to the 19th century, including one from Shakespeare’s King John: “Arthur. Must you with hot Irons, burne out both mine eyes? Hubert. Young boy, I must. Arthur. And will you? Hubert. And I will.” It is also used for other rhetorical purposes, especially to denote surprise

(O John! and you have seen him! And are you really going?—1884 in OED)

and sometimes just to introduce an improvised afterthought

(I’m going to swim. And don’t you dare watch—G. Butler, 1983)

It is, however, poor style to separate short statements into separate sentences when no special effect is needed: I opened the door and I looked into the room (not *I opened the door. And I looked into the room). Combining sentences or starting with in addition or moreover is preferred in formal writing.

And is often omitted for contextual effects of various kinds, especially between sequences of descriptive adjectives which can be separated by commas or simply by spaces

(The teeming jerrybuilt dun-coloured traffic-ridden deafening city—Penelope Lively, 1987)

In U.S. financial contexts such as check writing, and is often proscribed within full dollar amounts, reserved for use only immediately before the cent value. For instance, $150 is written "one hundred fifty", whereas "one hundred and fifty" is arguably ambiguous and could be taken to mean $100.50 instead. Some even teach that and literally means a decimal point, although a standard writing would at least denote the fractional dollar value as hundredths, e.g. with "/xx".

Synonyms
Derived terms
Translations
See and/translations § Conjunction.
See also

Noun

and (plural ands)

  2. (music, often informal) In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
    Coordinate terms: e, a
    • 2006, Gordon Goodwin, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band: Trumpet, page 51:
      The same goes for measure 42, when you begin the phrase on the and of 1, because that kind of lick can easily bog down the time.

Etymology 2

More information A user has added this entry to requests for verification(+) ...

Inherited from Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”).

Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

Alternative forms

Noun

and (plural ands)

  1. (UK dialectal) Breath.
  2. (UK dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

Etymology 3

More information A user has added this entry to requests for verification(+) ...

Inherited from Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

Alternative forms

Verb

and (third-person singular simple present ands, present participle anding, simple past and past participle anded)

  1. (UK dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

Anagrams

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