d-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "d"

Translingual

Prefix

d-

1. (SI prefix, metrology) deci- (“×10^-1”)

   Coordinate terms: (deca-/deka-) D-, da-, Da-, DA-, dk-, Dk-, DK-

2. (chemistry) deprecated notation for dextrorotatory (versus modern notation, (+)).

Ahtna

Etymology 1

Proto-Athabaskan *də- (valency decreasing suffix), from Proto-Na-Dene *də- (signaling valency decrease)

Prefix

d-

2. The d-classifier, one of four classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Ahtna verb with a variety of purposes. The d-classifier has the following uses:
   1. Forms intransitive verbs from nouns
   2. Forms iterative verbs via classifier shift from the ∅-classifier (with the prefix na-)

      cʼenatsʼetʼaen ― we have something unspecified again

   3. Forms reflexive verbs
   4. Forms benefactive verbs
   5. Appears in transitive verbs with an incorporated objects
   6. Appears in many verbs with no clear function

Usage notes

This classifier rarely appears as /d/, but instead manifests as "d-effect," which modifies the first consonant of a verbal root.

Derived terms

Ahtna terms prefixed with d- (classifier)

duus

ghetnaa

See also

• l-
• ł-
• ∅-

References

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 130

Etymology 2

Prefix

d-

1. A qualifier suffix with a number of meanings:
   2. Marks the d-gender, which includes nouns such as plants, dishes, hair/fur, enclosed liquids, words/speech, day/time, fire/smoke, and stars

      ‎d- + ‎zʼaan (“a compact object is in position”) → ‎dezʼaan (“a d-gender compact object is in position”)

   4. Appears in several compound nouns with no clear meaning

      ‎d- + ‎-laʼ (“hand”) → ‎-delaʼ (“branch”)

   5. Appears in some reflexive verbs
   6. Appears in some reflexive verbs
   7. Marks nearly all onomatopoeic verbs
   8. Appears in many verbs with no clear function

Usage notes

• When used as a gender prefix, appears on verbs to mark agreement with d-gender nouns.
• Appears as de- before a consonant

Derived terms

Ahtna terms prefixed with d- (compound)

-delaʼ

Ahtna terms prefixed with d- (gender)

delggez

deltsʼetlʼ

udzih dastsiigi

dezggan

dezʼaan

Ahtna terms prefixed with d- (qualifier)

delzen

See also

• n-

References

• Kari, James (1990), Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 131

Lushootseed

Prefix

d-

1. my

See also

• ad-
• -s
• -čəɬ
• -ləp

Maltese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /d/

Article

d-

1. alternative form of il-

Usage notes

• Used after a vowel and before the letter d. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Navajo

Etymology

Proto-Athabaskan *də- (valency decrease), from Proto-Na-Dene *də- (signaling valency decrease); cognate with Haida -d-, Eyak -d-, and Tlingit -d- (reflexive suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t-/

Prefix

d-

1. the d- classifier or valence-change prefix, a detransitivizing prefix of active verbs that modifies the transitivity or valence and grammatical voice of a verb, occurs in most passive, mediopassive, reflexive, and reciprocal verbs that are derived from verbs with a ∅- classifier; it produces the agentive passive verb forms

   yizéés ― he’s singeing it (yi-∅-zéés)

   yidéés ― it’s being singed (yi-d-zéés)

Usage notes

• The d-classifier rarely appears as a /d/, but instead usually triggers a process called d-effect, which can voice voiceless consonants and add a glottal stop before nasals and approximants.

See also

• l-
• ł-
• ∅-

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• n-
• nd-

Prefix

d- (class B & C infixed pronoun)

1. him (triggers nasalization)
2. it (triggers lenition)

Usage notes

This form merges with the prefixes ad-, aith-, ess-, and in- to form at-; with com- to become cot-; and with fris- become frit-.

The neuter singular form is often used pleonastically, in cases where the direct object is mentioned explicitly in the sentence (and is not necessarily even neuter singular).

Derived terms

Old Irish terms prefixed with d-

atbaill

atchessa

atcomla

atgairith

atreig

atrobair

diandrérchoíl

dondecmaing

dudrigni

dudrónath

dundrét

dundrigni

fodera

fondúair

fuandrogab

fundló

indaithirset

manidchretid

nachidchúalatar

nodn-ail

nodn-eirbea

nonchretid

nudtectid

rodscríbad

rondcechladar

rondcúalae

rudchoiscset

rundgab

rundgabsat

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person	infixed			suffixed
	class A	class B	class C
1 sg	m-L	dom-L, dam-L		-um
2 sg	t-L	dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L		-ut
3 sg m	a-N, e-N	d-N	id-N, did-N, d-N	-i, -it
3 sg f	s-(N)	da-		-us
3 sg n	a-L, e-L	d-L	id-L, did-L, d-L	-i, -it
1 pl	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl	s-(N)	da-		-us

^L means this form triggers lenition.
^N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis)
^(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Wailaki

Etymology

Proto-Athabaskan *də- (valency decreasing suffix), from Proto-Na-Dene *də- (signaling valency decrease)

Prefix

d-

2. The d-classifier, one of several classifiers which obligatorily appear in every Wailaki verb, used to form middle, detransitive, reciprocal, reflexive, passive, and reversative verbs.

Related terms

• ł-
• l-

References

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017), Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page 161

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies

ALIV	d-
Brazilian standard	d-
New Tribes	d-

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d-]

Prefix

d-

1. (Cunucunuma River dialect) alternative form of dh-