Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was a massive city-modernization scheme launched by the Government of India under the Ministry of Urban Development. It envisaged a total investment of over $20 billion over seven years. It was named after Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. The aim of 2005-2014 scheme was to encourage reforms and fast-track planned development of identified cities. Focus was to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ Parastatal agencies towards citizens.