Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki

'Yanci magana ƙa'ida ce da ke goyan bayan' yancin mutum ko al'umma don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da ra'ayoyin su ba tare da tsoron ramuwar gayya ba, tantancewa, ko amincewar doka. An amince da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki' a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan dam a cikin Universal Declaration of Human Rights da dokar haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa. Kasashe da yawa suna da dokar tsarin mulki wacce ke kare 'yancin magana. Ana amfani da kalmomi kamar 'yancin magana,',' yancin magana, da' 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin maganganun siyasa. Koyaya, a cikin ma'anar doka, 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ya haɗa da duk wani aiki na neman, karɓa, da kuma ba da bayanai ko ra'ayoyi, ba tare da la'akari da matsakaiciyar da aka yi amfani da ita ba.

Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Jama'a, Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa da Hakkokin al'adu
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	intellectual freedom (en) , freedom of expression (en) , civil rights (en) da Yancin Bayanai
Inkiya	freezepeach
Hashtag (mul)	freespeech
Hannun riga da	censorship (en)

Mataki na 19 na UDHR ya bayyana cewa "kowane mutum zai sami damar riƙe ra'ayoyi ba tare da tsangwama ba" kuma "kowane wanda zai sami 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin zai haɗa da' yancin neman, karɓa, da ba da bayanai da ra'ayoyin kowane irin, ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba, ko ta baki, a rubuce ko bugawa, a cikin hanyar fasaha, ko ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai da ya zaɓa". Sashe na Mataki na 19 a cikin ICCPR daga baya ya gyara wannan ta hanyar bayyana cewa aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana ɗauke da "ayyukan musamman da alhakin" kuma yana iya "don haka ya kasance ƙarƙashin wasu ƙuntatawa" idan ya cancanta "[f] ko girmama haƙƙoƙi ko suna na wasu" ko "[f]ko kariya ga tsaron ƙasa ko tsarin jama'a (tsarin jama'a), ko na lafiyar jama'a ko na ɗabi'a".

Asalin tarihi

'Yanci na magana da faɗar albarkacin baki yana da dogon tarihi wanda ya riga ya wuce kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani. An yi tunanin cewa tsohuwar ka'idar dimokuradiyya ta Atina ta 'yancin magana na iya fitowa a ƙarshen 6th ko farkon 5th karni BC.

Erasmus da Milton sun tabbatar da 'yancin magana. Edward Coke ya yi iƙirarin 'yancin magana a matsayin "tsohuwar al'ada ta majalisa" a cikin shekarun 1590, wanda aka tabbatar a cikin zanga-zangar 1621 . Maido da abin da aka rubuta a cikin sanarwar Ingilishi na Hakki, 1689, Dokar 'Yancin Ingila ta 1689 ta kafa haƙƙin haƙƙin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin majalisa, wanda har yanzu yana aiki. Wannan abin da ake kira dama ta majalisa bai haɗa da yiwuwar ikirarin ɓata suna ba, ma'ana 'yan majalisa suna da' yanci suyi magana a cikin House ba tare da tsoron matakin shari'a ba. Wannan kariya ta kai ga rubuce-rubucen rubuce-daban: alal misali, tambayoyin rubuce-riji da na baki, shawarwari da gyare-gyare da aka gabatar ga takardun kudi da shawarwari.^[1]

Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan 'yanci na farko a duniya an gabatar da shi a Sweden a cikin 1766 (Swedish Freedom of the Press Act), galibi saboda memba mai sassaucin ra'ayi na majalisa da firist na Ostrobothnian Anders Chydenius . ^{[2] [3][4][5]} A cikin wani rahoto da aka buga a shekara ta 1776, ya rubuta: ^[6]

Tarihin rashin amincewa da gaskiya

Shafin taken Index Librorum Prohibitorum, ko Jerin Littattafan da aka haramta (Venice, 1564)

.Kafin kirkirar na'urar buga takardu, aikin da aka rubuta, da zarar an halicce shi, za'a iya ninka shi ne kawai ta hanyar kwafin hannu mai wahala da kuskure. Babu wani tsari mai zurfi na tantancewa da iko akan marubuta, waɗanda har zuwa karni na 14 an ƙuntata su ga cibiyoyin addini, kuma ayyukansu ba su haifar da rikici mai zurfi ba. A mayar da martani ga buga takardu, da kuma tauhidin tauhidin da ya ba da damar yaduwa, Cocin Roman Katolika ya koma ya sanya tantancewa. Bugawa ya ba da izini ga takardun takamaiman aiki da yawa, wanda ke haifar da saurin yaduwar ra'ayoyi da bayanai (duba al'adun bugawa). Asalin Dokar haƙƙin mallaka a yawancin ƙasashen Turai ya kasance a cikin ƙoƙarin da Cocin Roman Katolika da gwamnatoci ke yi don tsarawa da sarrafa fitar da masu bugawa).s.^[7]

A cikin Panegyricae orationes septem (1596), Henric van Cuyck, Bishop na Dutch, ya kare bukatar tantancewa kuma ya yi jayayya cewa buga takardu na Johannes Gutenberg ya haifar da duniya da ta kamu da "ƙaryaci mara kyau" - don haka van Cuycks ya ware Talmud da Alkur'ani, da rubuce-rubucen Martin Luther, John Calvin da Erasmus na Rotterdam.^[8]