Iraq

Republic of Iraq southwestern Asia ke ek Middle Eastern des hae. Iske border south me Saudi Arabia aur Kuwait, north me Turkey, north-west me Syria, west me Jordan aur east me Iran hae. Iraq ke capital Baghdad hae.

Republic of Iraq الجمهورية العراقية (Al-Jumhuriyah Al-Iraqiyah)
Jhanda Coat of arms
Des ke jaankari
Des ke motto:	الله أكبر translation: "God is Great"
National anthem:	Mautinii
Log ke baare me
Official bhasa:	Arabic
Abaadi:
- Total:	{{{populationtotal}}}
Jagha
country map Hian pe des ke dunia ke map me dekhawa jaawe hae.
Capital City:	Baghdad
Sab se barraa City:	Baghdad
Area
- Total:	437,072 (ranked 57)
- Water:	? km² (1.1%)
Politics / Government
Established:	October 1, 1919 from the Ottoman Empire. October 3, 1932 from the British
Leader:	President Jalal El-Talabani, Prime Minister Noori El-Malikki
Economy / Money
Paisa ke naam:	Iraqi dinar (IQD)
International information
Time ke zone:	+3
Telephone ke dialing code:	964
Internet domain:	IQ

Politics

1968 se 2003 talak, Iraq me Ba'ath Party raaj karta rahaa. Saddam Hussein, 1979 se President rahaa ja talak Ba'ath Party ke khatam nai kar dewa gais. Ii time pe uu dher log ke jaan se marwae diis jiske uu like nai karat rahaa. Uu Iran ke bhi invade karis rahaa.

1990, Iraq, Kuwait ke invade kar ke aapan niche kar liis. Dher des jisme United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy, Pakistan larrai kar ke Kuwait ke ajaad karin.

March 2003, me United States, British, Australian, Danish aur Polish forces log Iraq ke invade kar ke Ba'ath Party ke surrender karwae diin. Uppar se invade kare ke kaaran rahaa ki United Nations ike nspectors log nuclear, biological, aur chemical weapons ke khoje sake. Pahile, Iraq chemical weapons se Kurdish log ke maris rahaa.

Suruu me des ke tiin zone me baata gais rahaa, American zone, British zone, aur Polish zone jaise ki Germany ke 1945 me baata gais rahaa. Ek nawaa temporary government ke 28 June, 2004 me form karaa gais rahaa, lekin abhi talak coalition forces des me hae. Ghazi A. El-Yawer ii temporary government ke President hae.

Ii des ke dharmik gut jisme Shia, Sunni]] Muslim aur Christian log bhi hae, ke kaaran des me dher instability hae aur ii kaaran se kuch log bole hae ki des me civil war hae.

Itihaas

Abhi jahaan pe Iraq hae, huan pe puraana jamaana me Mesopotamia rahaa, aur ii jagha ke civilization ke sruwaat waala jagha maana jaae hae.^[1] Mesopotamia ke itihaas isse pahile lower paleolithic jamaana talak jaae hae aur hian pe dher pragrati bhais hae 7th century AD talak jab hian pe Caliphate rahaa.

Bronze aur Iron Jamaana

Shanidar Gufaa, uu jagha hae jahaan pe aath barraa jan aur dui larrkan Neanderthals ke remains ke paawa gais rahaa, jon lagbhag 65,000–35,000 saal puraana rahaa. ^[2][3]

The Neo-Babylonian Empire, Nabonidus ke niche (Template:Reign), jab iske niche sab se jaada ilaaka rahaa.

Iske border ke bhitta, puraana jagha, Suner rahaa, jon 6000 aur 5000 BC ke time, Neolithic Ubaid paerion me suruu bhais rahaa. ^[1] Sumer ke dunia ke sab se puraana civilization maana jaae hae, jahaan pe log town me rahe ke suruu kare rahin, bhasa ke likha jaae suruu bhais rahaa aur monuments banaawa gais rahaa.^[1] Iraq waala ilaaka me Akkadian, Neo-Assyrian aur Neo Babylonian empire rahaa jon Mesopotamia aur puraana Near East ke Bronze aur Iron Age ke time dominate karis rahaa.^[1]

Puraana jamaana ke Iraq ek jagha rahaa jahaan pe nawaa chij suruu karaa gais rahaa, jisme likhaai, astronomy, mathematics, law aur philosophy rahaa. Ii raaj 539 BC me khalaas bhais, jab Neo-Babylonian Empire ke Achaemenid Empire, Cyrus the Great ke niche, capture kar liis aur apne ke "Babylon ke Raja" batais. [Babylon]] city , jon Babylon ke capital rahaa, Achaemenid Empire ke ek khaas capital bhi rahaa. Mesopotamia pahila jagha rahaa jahaan pe Israel se baahar Jews log jaae ke rahe lage rahin.

Baad ke century me Iraq ke ilaaka dher empire ke niche aais, jisme [[Greece}Greek]], Parthian aur Roman Empire rahaa. 3rd century me Persian Sasanian Empire ii jagha ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa.

Biich ke jamaana (Middle Ages)

Abbasid Caliphate with capitals in Baghdad and Samarra c. 850

Arbii bhasa me al-ʿIrāq saait ii time suruu bhais rahaa. Sasanian Empire ke 636 me Rashidun Caliphate conquer kar lii rahaa aur Iraq Muslim raaj ke niche aae gais. Kufa city ke iske baad suruu karaa gais rahaa, jon Rashidun dynasty ke capital rahaa 680 talak jab Shia Islam ii jagha pe suruu bhais.

8th century me Abbasid Caliphate ke influence ke jaada hoe se Baghdad, jiske 7762 me suruu karaa gais rahaa, Islamic rule ke centre hoe gais. Baghdad Islamic Golden Age ke time ek sanskriti, vigyan aur gyaan ke centre hoe gais rahaa. Ii city ke prosperity kamtii hoe lagaa Buwayhid Seljuk aur 1258 me Mongol invasion ke kaaran.

16th century me Iraq Ottoman Empire ke niche aais. 1747 se 1831 talak Iraq ke Mamluk dynasty, jon Georgian origin ke rahaa, ke niche aais, jiske kaaran ii jagha me Ottoman control kamtii hoe gais. 1831 me Ottoman Empire fir se Iraq ke aapan niche kar liis.

Abhi ke Iraq

Nuri Pasha al-Said (1888–1958) aath dafe Iraq ke prime minister rahaa Mandatory Iraq aur Hashemite Kingdom ke time

Iraq ke modern history World War I ke suruwaat se suruu hoe hae, jab ii ilaaka Ottoman Empire ke raaj se niklaa.^[4] Arbii sipaahi log Turks ke virod me larre rahin jab uu log ke ajaadi ke waada karaa gais rahaa. Lekin larrai ke baad Britain aur France ii waada ke puura nai karin aur ii ilaada ke, chaahe directly, nai to indirectly, aapan control ke niche rakkhin.

Iraq ke Raaja,jon British control ke niche rahaa, des ke different provinces aur og ek ek des me baandhe ke kosis karis. 1930 me ek treaty ke baad Iraq ke aur ajaadi dewa gais, lekin Britain huan pe aapan military rakhis aur oil ke control karis. 1932 me Iraq ke puuraa ajaadi mila aur League of Nations ke member banaa. 1933 me Iraq ke raja ke maut ke baad uske larrka, Ghazi, raja banaa, Ghazi ke time Iraq me dher dafe coup kare ke kosis karaa gais rahaa. 1939 me, ek motar ke accident me Ghazi ke maut hoe gais aur uske larrkaa, jon khaali tiin saal ke rahaa. Ii kaaran se uske uncle, Abdullah regent banaa.

1941 me ek coup ke baad, Iraq me pro-German aur pro-Italian sarkar banaa. Ii kaaran se Britain Iraq ke invade karis, kaaheki ki uu ii sochat rahaa ke Britain ke oil ke supply ke rok dewa jaai. 1953 me Faisal II ke regency suruu bhais. UU des ke different log ke unite nai kare paais, kaaheki ruler log Sunni rahin jab Iraq ke jaada abaadi Shia rahin. 1958 me ek military coup Faisal ke raaj ke khalaas kar diis.

Republic aur Ba'athist Iraq

Saddam Hussein, 1980 me

1958 ke coup me Qasim power me aais. Uske socialist ideology rahaa. 1959 Qasim ke virod me ek coup ke kosis karaa gais rahaa lekin asafal rahaa. 1961 me jab Kuwait ke ajaadi dewa gais rahaa tab uu iske virod karis rahaa. 1963 me Ba'ath Party ke coup me Colonel Abdul Salam Arif power me aais. Ii nawaa sarkar, Kuwait ke ajaadi ke recognise karis. 1966 me Arif ke maut ke baad, uske bhaiyaa, Abdul Rahman Arif power me aais. 1967 me, uske niche Irag Six Day War me hissa liis rahaa. 1968 me ek coup ke baad Iraqi Ba'ath PArty power me aais aur Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, President banaa.^[5] Dhire-dhire, Iraq ke vice-President, Saddam Hussein aapan taagat ke barrhais. Saddam Hussein Irag ke different ethnic group ke saathe laae ke kosis karis aur 1970 ke ek treaty me Iraqi-Kurdish war khalaas hoe gais.^[6] 1970s me Iraq ke leadership Assyrian log ke saathe peace kare ke kosis karis aur exile bhais Jews ke fir se laute ke encourage karis.^[7][8][9] Sarkar muft healthcare aur education ke suruu karis, oil industry ke nationalise kaaris, aurat loagn ke rights ke promote karis aur infrastructure ke develop karis. ^[10]

Geography

Iraq ke province

Ii des dui naddi, Euphrates aur Tigris, ke biich me hae aur ii kaaran se iske purana time me Mesopotamia bola jawat rahaa. Iraq ke lage ek chhota coastline Persian Gulf se hae. Hian ke mausam bahut garam aur jhuura hae. =

Iraq ke18 provinces (muhafazah) me baata gais hae.

Baghdād (بغداد) Salāh ad-Dīn (صلاح الدين) Diyālā (ديالى) Wāsit (واسط) Maysān (ميسان) Al-Basrah (البصرة) Dhī Qār (ذي قار) Al-Muthannā (المثنى) Al-Qādisiyyah (القادسية)

Bābil (بابل) Al-Karbalā' (كربلاء) An-Najaf (النجف) Al-Anbar (الأنبار) Nīnawā (نينوى) Dahūk (دهوك) Arbīl (أربيل) Kirkuk (كركوك) As-Sulaymāniyyah (السليمانية)