花綱 (はなづな、英 : festoon 、仏 : feston 、伊 : festone 、羅 : festo )、フェストーン とは、2点から吊るされた花輪のことで、建築では一般的に、花や葉、果実などを束ねてリボンで吊るした従来の配置を描いた彫刻装飾である。このモチーフは、織物や麻布を描く場合にはスワッグ (swag)と呼ばれることもある[2] [3] 。
ジャック=ジェルマン・スフロとジャン=バティスト・ロンドレによるパンテオンの花綱、パリ、1758-1790年
花綱の起源は、祭りの日に玄関の上に飾られたり、祭壇の周りに吊るされたりした自然の花などの花輪を石で表現したことによると推定される[3] 。
このデザインは古代ギリシャとローマで広く採用され、祭壇、フリーズ、パネルの主要な装飾となった[3] 。リボンの両端をリボン状にしたり、ねじった曲線にしたりすることもある。更に葉や花を吊り下げる場合は、ドロップ(drop)またはマージェント(margent )と呼ばれる。
このモチーフはその後、新古典主義建築 や装飾美術 、特に陶磁器や銀細工の作品に用いられた。例えば、リボンは、装飾された結び目から吊り下げられたり、獅子の口にくわえられたり、ティヴォリのヴェスタ神殿のようにブクラニアの上部に吊り下げられたりする。
Detail of an
Ancient Greek mosaic floor,
Pergamon Museum ,
Berlin , Germany, unknown architect, 2nd century BC
Roman trompe-l'œil wall painting from a villa, with festoons and
bucrania ,
c. 50-40 BC,
fresco ,
Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York
Highly decorated Roman sarcophagus with festoons,
c. 125-130 AD, marble,
Louvre
Roman festoon,
c. 70 BC, mosaic, Casa di Nettuno e Anfitrite,
Herculaneum Archaeological Park,
Ercolano , Italy
[4]
Festoons on Roman cremation urns, 2nd century AD, marble,
Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne ,
Marseille , France
Byzantine festoon at the top of a relief of
Empress Ariadne ,
c. 500, ivory,
National Bargello Museum ,
Florence , Italy
[5]
Festoon, masks and rosettes made of shells , by
Jan van Kessel the Elder , 17th century, color on copper,
Fondation Custodia , Paris
Garland of Flowers around an Allegory of Farming , by
Jan Brueghel the Elder and
Hendrick van Balen the Elder , 1615, oil on panel,
Mauritshuis ,
The Hague , the
Netherlands
Baroque festoons on the
boiserie of a room from the
Hôtel Colbert de Villacerf , now in the
Musée Carnavalet , Paris, unknown architect, sculptor and painter,
c. 1650
[6]
Baroque festoon with a mascaron in the
Hall of Mirrors of the
Palace of Versailles ,
Versailles , France, designed by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678-1684
[7]
Rococo or
Louis XVI style festoon ornament, 18th century, gilt bronze, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Louis XVI style
Cupid seated on a festoon made of flowers,
c. 1770-1790, oil on canvas, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Louis XVI style festoons on the Table de Teschen, by
Johann Christian Neuber , 1775-1800, gilt bronze,
semiprecious stones , porcelain, and wood, Louvre
[8]
Louis XVI style vase decorated with festoons, design attributed to
Jean-Claude Chambellan Duplessis , by the
Sèvres porcelain factory , 1780, painted and gilded hard-paste porcelain, gilt bronze,
Rijksmuseum Amsterdam , the
Netherlands
Louis XVI flower festoons on a tapestry showing
Don Quixote guided by folly, by the
Gobelins Manufactory , 1780-1783, wool and silk, woven on a low-warp loom,
Philadelphia Museum of Art , US
Louis XVI style festoons on a ceiling in the State Dining Room,
Inveraray Castle ,
Scotland , the UK, by Girard and Guinand, 1784
[9]
Neoclassical festoon on a vase, by the Sèvres Porcelain Factory, 1814, hard-paste porcelain with platinum background and gilt bronze mounts, Louvre
[10]
Neoclassical festoons with
Egyptian Revival elements around them, on the ceiling of room 644 of the
Louvre Palace , unknown painter,
c. 1840
Neoclassical festoon on the ceiling of room 643 of the Louvre Palace, unknown painter,
c. 1840
Neoclassical festoon on the ceiling of room 642 of the Louvre Palace, unknown painter,
c. 1840
Neoclassical festoons on a ceiling of the
Palais de la Bourse ,
Lyon , France, designed by
Alexandre-Dominique Denuelle and sculpted by
Guillaume Bonnet , 1855-1862
Neoclassical festoon on the facade of the
Palais Garnier , Paris, designed by
Charles Garnier , 1860–1875
Neoclassical festoon on the Grave of the Pillet family,
Loyasse Cemetery , Lyon, designed by
Jean-Prosper Bissuel and sculpted by
Pierre-Toussaint Bonnaire , probably 1869
Neoclassical relief with putti and festoons on the
Dimitrie Sturdza House (
Strada Arthur Verona no. 13-15),
Bucharest ,
Romania , 1883, unknown architect
[12]
Festoon on a vase of
Anthony van Dyck painting his first painting, by
Dalou Aimé-Jules and the Sèvres Porcelain Factory,
c. 1888,
sandstone ,
Petit Palais
Beaux Arts festoons on an architectural element of the Palais des Beaux-Arts, part of the
1889 Paris Exposition , now in the
Square Paul-Langevin , Paris, by
Jules-Paul Loebnitz , 1889
Beaux Arts oak leaf festoons on the Jean Leclaire Monument,
Square des Épinettes , Paris, by
Jean Camille Formigé , 1896
Beaux Arts festoons of the
Pont Alexandre III , Paris, designed by
Joseph Cassien-Bernard and
Gaston Cousin , 1896-1900
Stylized
Art Nouveau festoon on a ceiling of
Calea Dorobanților no. 50A, Bucharest, unknown architect,
c. 1900
Beaux Arts mascaron with festoons on
Rue de la Paix no. 23, Paris, unknown architect, 1908
Beaux Arts festoons above the door of
Avenue Kléber no. 47bis, Paris, unknown architect, 1908
[13]
Beaux Arts gate with festoons of Strada Vasile Conta no. 14, Bucharest, unknown architect,
c. 1910
Neo-Louis XVI style festoons with a
medallion above a door in Strada Arthur Verona no. 15, Bucharest, unknown architect,
c. 1910
Beaux Arts swags of a cartouche on the Nicolae T. Filitti/Nae Filitis House (Calea Dorobanților no. 18), by
Ernest Doneaud ,
c. 1910
[14]
Art Nouveau festoons on the walls and columns of a room in the
Casa Comalat ,
Barcelona , Spain, by
Salvador Valeri i Pupurull , 1911
[15]
Rococo Revival festoon on a stained-glass window in the
orangery of the Ecaterina Procopie House (Strada Bocșa no. 4), Bucharest, unknown architect or painter,
c. 1912
[16]
Art Deco festoons on a commode, by
Paul Iribarne Garay ,
c. 1912, mahogany and tulip wood frame, slate top, green-tinted shagreen upholstery, ebony knobs, base and garlands,
Museum of Decorative Arts , Paris
Art Deco festoons in the
pediment of the Mihai Zisman House (
Calea Călărașilor no. 44), Bucharest, by architect Soru, 1920
Highly stylized Art Deco festoons on the Grave of the Vetter Family, Cemetery of Croix-Rousse (new),
Rhône , France, designed by
Michel Roux-Spitz , and sculpted by
Marcel Renard and
Raymond Delamarre ,
c. 1920
Virginia, L. Campbell (2017) (英語). Ancient Room - Pocket Museum . Thames & Hudson. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-500-51959-2 Eastmond, Anthony (2013) (英語). The Glory of Byzantium and early Christendom . Phaidon. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-7148-4810-5 Martin, Henry (1927) (フランス語). Le Style Louis XIV . Flammarion. p. 31
Marinache, Oana (2015) (ルーマニア語). Ernest Donaud - visul liniei . Editura Istoria Artei. p. 79. ISBN 978-606-94042-8-7 Cuito, Aurora; Montes, Cristina (2009) (en, de). Antoni Gaudí – Complete Works . Evergreeb. p. 781. ISBN 978-3-8365-1165-0
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、
花綱 に関連するカテゴリがあります。