폴 밀그럼

폴 로버트 밀그럼(Paul Robert Milgrom, 1948년 4월 20일 ~ )은 미국의 경제학자이다. 1987년부터 스탠퍼드 대학교의 인문과학교수로 재직 중이다. 밀그럼은 게임 이론, 특히 경제 이론과 가격 결정 전략의 전문가이다. 2020년에 경매 이론의 개선과 새 경매 형식의 발명에 대한 공로로 로버트 B. 윌슨과 함께 노벨 경제학상을 수상했다.^[1][2]

폴 로버트 밀그럼 Paul Robert Milgrom
폴 밀그럼
출생	1948년 4월 20일 미국
성별	남성
국적	미국
경력	스탠퍼드 대학교 인문과학교수
직업	경제학자, 교수
활동 기간	1987년 ~ 현재
소속	스탠퍼드 대학교
배우자	낸시 스토키
상훈	노벨 경제학상 (2020년)

낸시 스토키와 공동으로 무거래 정리(no-trade theorem)를 개발하였다. 여러 기업들의 공동 설립자이기도 한데, 그 기업들 중 가장 최근의 것으로는 옥셔노믹스(Auctionomics)가 있으며^[3] 상업 경매와 거래소를 위한 소프트웨어와 서비스를 제공한다.

저서

• Milgrom, Paul (1979a). 《The Structure of Information in Competitive Bidding》. New York: Garland Press. (Ph.D. Dissertation)
• Milgrom, Paul (1979b). “A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information”. 《Econometrica》 47 (3): 679–88. doi:10.2307/1910414. JSTOR 1910414.
• Milgrom, Paul (1981a). “An Axiomatic Characterization of Common Knowledge” (PDF). 《Econometrica》 49 (1): 219–222. doi:10.2307/1911137. JSTOR 1911137.
• Milgrom, Paul (1981b). “Rational Expectations, Information Acquisition, and Competitive Bidding”. 《Econometrica》 49 (4): 921–943. doi:10.2307/1912511. JSTOR 1912511.
• Milgrom, Paul (1981c). “Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications”. 《Bell Journal of Economics》 12 (2): 380–91. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.465.6331. doi:10.2307/3003562. JSTOR 3003562.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1982). “Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis” (PDF). 《Econometrica》 50 (2): 443–59. doi:10.2307/1912637. JSTOR 1912637.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John Roberts (1982). “Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence” (PDF). 《Journal of Economic Theory》 27 (2): 280–312. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X. ISSN 0022-0531.
• Milgrom, Paul; Stokey, Nancy (1982). “Information, Trade and Common Knowledge” (PDF). 《Journal of Economic Theory》 26 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90046-1.
• Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1982a). “The Value of Information in a Sealed Bid Auction” (PDF). 《Journal of Mathematical Economics》 10 (1): 105–14. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(82)90008-8. hdl:10419/220822. ISSN 0304-4068.
• Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1982b). “A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding”. 《Econometrica》 50 (5): 1089–1122. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.4633. doi:10.2307/1911865. JSTOR 1911865.
• Kreps, David; Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John; Wilson, Robert (1982). “Rational Cooperation in the Finitely‑Repeated Prisoners' Dilemma” (PDF). 《Journal of Economic Theory》 27 (2): 245‑252. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1.
• Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R.; Milgrom, Paul R.; Weber, Robert J. (1983). “Competitive bidding and proprietary information” (PDF). 《Journal of Mathematical Economics》 11 (2): 161–169. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(83)90034-4. 2020년 10월 18일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.
• Milgrom, Paul (1984). “Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation"”. 《The RAND Journal of Economics》 15 (2): 305–309. doi:10.2307/2555683. JSTOR 2555683.
• Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1985). “Distributional Strategies for Games with Incomplete Information” (PDF). 《Mathematics of Operations Research》 10 (4): 619–32. doi:10.1287/moor.10.4.619. hdl:10419/220788.
• Glosten, Larry; Milgrom, Paul (1985). “Bid, Ask and Transactions Prices in a Specialist Market with Insider Trading”. 《Journal of Financial Economics》 14 (1): 71‑100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.947. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3. ISSN 0304-405X.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1986a). “Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality” (PDF). 《Journal of Political Economy》 94 (4): 796–821. doi:10.1086/261408. JSTOR 1833203. S2CID 154506015. 2020년 8월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1986b). “Relying on the Information of Interested Parties” (PDF). 《The RAND Journal of Economics》 17 (1): 18–32. doi:10.2307/2555625. JSTOR 2555625. 2020년 8월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.
• Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1987). “Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives” (PDF). 《Econometrica》 55 (2): 303–328. doi:10.2307/1913238. JSTOR 1913238. 2020년 10월 31일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1987). “Informational Asymmetries, Strategic Behavior, and Industrial Organization”. 《The American Economic Review》 77 (2): 184–193. JSTOR 1805448.
• Milgrom, Paul; Oster, Sharon (1987). “Job Discrimination, Market Forces and the Invisibility Hypothesis” (PDF). 《Quarterly Journal of Economics》 102 (3): 453–476. doi:10.2307/1884213. JSTOR 1884213. 2020년 8월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1988). “An Economic Approach to Influence Activities and Organizational Responses”. 《American Journal of Sociology》 94: S154–S179. doi:10.1086/228945. JSTOR 2780245. S2CID 154341784.
• Milgrom, Paul (1988). “Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 96 (1): 42–60. doi:10.1086/261523. JSTOR 1830709. S2CID 154458173.
• Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1988). “Communication and Inventories as Substitutes in Organizing Production”. 《Scandinavian Journal of Economics》 90 (3): 275–289. doi:10.2307/3440309. JSTOR 3440309.
• Milgrom, Paul (1989). “Auctions and Bidding: A Primer”. 《The Journal of Economic Perspectives》 3 (3): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.3. JSTOR 1942756.
• Fudenberg, Drew; Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1990). “Short-term contracts and long-term agency relationships”. 《Journal of Economic Theory》 51 (1): 154–159. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. hdl:1721.1/64269. JSTOR 2006561.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990a). “The Efficiency of Equity in Organizational Decision Processes”. 《The American Economic Review》 80 (2): 1–31. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. hdl:1721.1/64269. ISSN 0022-0531. JSTOR 2006561.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990b). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization”. 《American Economic Review》 80 (3): 511–28. JSTOR 2006681.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990c). “Rationalizability, Learning and Equilibrium in Games With Strategic Complementarities”. 《Econometrica》 58 (6): 1255–1278. doi:10.2307/2938316. JSTOR 2938316.
• Milgrom, Paul; North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1990). “The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs”. 《Economics and Politics》 2 (1): 1–23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.1678. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.1990.tb00020.x.
• Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1991). “Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership and Job Design”. 《Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization》 7: 303–328. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.3715. doi:10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24. JSTOR 764957.
• Abreu, D.; Milgrom, Paul; Pearce, David (1991). “Information and Timing in Repeated Partnerships”. 《Econometrica》 59 (6): 1713–1733. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.1370. doi:10.2307/2938286. JSTOR 2938286.
• Milgrom, Paul; Qian, Yingi; Roberts, John (1991). “Complementarities, Momentum, and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing”. 《The American Economic Review》 81 (2): 84–88. JSTOR 2006831.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1991). “Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games”. 《Games and Economic Behavior》 82 (100): 82–100. doi:10.1016/0899-8256(91)90006-Z. ISSN 0899-8256.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1992). 《Economics, Organization and Management》. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0132246507.
• Bresnahan, Timothy F.; Milgrom, Paul; Paul, Jonathan (1992). “The Real Output of the Stock Exchange”. 《Output Measurement in the Services Sectors》: 195–216.
• Meyer, Margaret; Paul Milgrom; Roberts, John (1992). “Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes”. 《Journal of Economics & Management Strategy》 1 (1): 9–35. doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x.
• Milgrom, Paul (1994). “Comparing Optima: Do Simplifying Assumptions Affect Conclusions?”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 102 (3): 607–615. doi:10.1086/261948. JSTOR 2138625. S2CID 153568621.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1994). “Comparing Equilibria”. 《The American Economic Review》 84 (3): 441–459. JSTOR 2118061.
• Milgrom, Paul; Shannon, Chris (1994). “Monotone Comparative Statics”. 《Econometrica》 62 (1): 157–180. doi:10.2307/2951479. JSTOR 2951479.
• Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1994). “The Firm as an Incentive System”. 《The American Economic Review》 84 (4): 972–991. JSTOR 2118041.
• Greif, Avner; Milgrom, Paul; Weingast, Barry R. (1994). “Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 102 (4): 745–776. doi:10.1086/261953. JSTOR 2138763. S2CID 154501745.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1994). “Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing”. 《Journal of Accounting and Economics》 19 (2–3): 179–208. doi:10.1016/0165-4101(94)00382-f. ISSN 0165-4101.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1995). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Reply”. 《The American Economic Review》 85 (4): 997–999. JSTOR 2118249.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1996a). “The LeChatelier Principle”. 《The American Economic Review》 86 (1): 113–128. JSTOR 2118261.
• Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1996b). “Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities”. 《Games and Economic Behavior》 17 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1006/game.1996.0096.
• Milgrom, Paul (1998). “Game theory and the spectrum auctions”. 《European Economic Review》 42 (3–5): 771–778. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00146-3. ISSN 0014-2921.
• Milgrom, Paul (2000). “Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simulteneous Ascending Auction”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 108 (2): 245–272. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.195.7314. doi:10.1086/262118. JSTOR 262118. S2CID 14242011.
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2002). “Ascending Auctions with Package Bidding”. 《The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics》 1 (1). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.528.8990. doi:10.2202/1534-5963.1019. ISSN 1534-5963. S2CID 1083684.
• Milgrom, Paul; Segal, Ilya (2002). “Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets”. 《Econometrica》 70 (2): 583–601. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.217.4736. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00296. JSTOR 2692283. SSRN 312251.
• Milgrom, Paul (2004). 《Putting Auction Theory to Work》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53672-1.
• Hatfield, John W.; Milgrom, Paul (2005). “Matching with Contracts”. 《The American Economic Review》 95 (4): 913–935. doi:10.1257/0002828054825466. JSTOR 4132699.
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Cramton, Peter; Milgrom, Paul (2006). Cramton, Peter; Shoham, Yoav; Steinberg, Richard, 편집. “The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design”. 《In Combinatorial Auctions, Edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R.》 (MIT Press). doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-2620-3342-8. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2006a). Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R., 편집. “The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction”. 《In Combinatorial Auctions》 (MIT press): 17–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.7158. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.003.0002. ISBN 9780262033428.
• Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2006b). Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R., 편집. “Ascending Proxy Auctions”. 《In Combinatorial Auctions》.
• Milgrom, Paul (2007). “Package Auctions and Exchanges”. 《Econometrica》 75 (4): 935–965. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00778.x. JSTOR 4502017.
• Milgrom, Paul (2008). “What the Seller Won't Tell You: Persuasion and Disclosure in Markets”. 《Journal of Economic Perspectives》 22 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.115. JSTOR 27648244.
• Hall, Robert E.; Milgrom, Paul R. (2008). “The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain”. 《The American Economic Review》 98 (4): 1653–1674. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.516.6267. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1653. JSTOR 29730140. S2CID 18040832.
• Day, R.; Milgrom, Paul (2008). “Core-selecting package auctions”. 《International Journal of Game Theory》 36 (3–4): 393–407. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.9950. doi:10.1007/s00182-007-0100-7. S2CID 7593117.
• Milgrom, Paul (2009). “Assignment Messages and Exchanges”. 《American Economic Journal: Microeconomics》 1 (2): 95–113. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.2981. doi:10.1257/mic.1.2.95.
• Milgrom, Paul; Bruno Strulovici (2009). “Substitute goods, auctions, and equilibrium”. 《Journal of Economic Theory》 144 (1): 212–247. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.9686. doi:10.1016/j.jet.2008.05.002.
• Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Ascending Prices and Package Bidding: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis”. 《American Economic Journal: Microeconomics》 2 (3): 160–185. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.4004. doi:10.1257/mic.2.3.160.
• Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Simplified mechanisms with an application to sponsored-search auctions”. 《Games and Economic Behavior》 70 (1): 62–70. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.151.6989. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.12.003. SSRN 1022220.
• Levin, Jonathan; Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Online Advertising: Heterogeneity and Conflation in Market Design”. 《American Economic Review》 100 (2): 603–607. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.1750. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.603.
• Milgrom, Paul (2011). “Critical Issues in the Practice of Market Design”. 《Economic Inquiry》 49 (2): 311–320. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00357.x. S2CID 153765277.
• Budish, E.; Che, Y.-K.; Kojima, F.; Milgrom, Paul (2013). “Designing Random Allocation Mechanisms: Theory and Applications”. 《American Economic Review》 103 (2): 585–623. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.649.5582. doi:10.1257/aer.103.2.585.