ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക ഉന്മൂലനത്താവളം

രണ്ടാംലോകമഹായുദ്ധകാലത്ത് അധിനിവേശപോളണ്ടിൽ നാസിജർമനി നിർമ്മിച്ച് പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിച്ച ഒരു ഉന്മൂലനകേന്ദ്രമാണ് ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക (Treblinka). (ഉച്ചരിക്കുന്നത് [trɛˈblʲinka])^[b] [2] വാഴ്സയ്ക്ക് വടക്കുകിഴക്കുമാറി ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക തീവണ്ടിനിലയത്തിൽ (ഇന്നത്തെ Masovian Voivodeship) നിന്നും 4 കിലോമീറ്റർ (13,000 അടി) തെക്കായിട്ടായിരുന്നു ഈ ക്യാമ്പ് സ്ഥിതിചെയ്തിരുന്നത്. 1942 ജൂലൈ 23 മുതൽ 1943 ഒക്ടോബർ 19 വരെ ഓപറേഷൻ റീൻഹാർഡിന്റെ ഭാഗമായി അന്തിമപരിഹാരത്തിന്റെ ഏറ്റവും ക്രൂരമായ കാലഘട്ടത്തിലാണ് ഈ ക്യാമ്പ് നിലനിന്നിരുന്നത്.^[3] ഇക്കാലത്ത് ഇവിടെ ഏതാണ്ട് 700,000 മുതൽ 900,000 വരെ ജൂതന്മാർ ഇവിടത്തെ ഗ്യാസ് ചേമ്പറിൽ കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടു.^[6][7] അതോടൊപ്പം  2,000 റോമാനി ജനതയ്ക്കും ജീവൻ നഷ്ടമായി.^[8] ഓഷ്‌വിറ്റ്‌സിനുശേഷം ഏറ്റവുമധികം  ജൂതരെ കൂട്ടക്കൊല ചെയ്തത് ട്രെബ്ലിങ്കയിലാണ്.^[9]

Treblinka
Extermination camp
Concrete blocks marking the path of the former railway spur at Treblinka
Location of Treblinka in Poland.
Coordinates	52°37′51.85″N 22°3′11.01″E
Known for	Genocide during the Holocaust
Location	Near Treblinka, General Government (German-occupied Poland)
Built by	Richard Thomalla (death camp) Erwin Lambert (gas chambers) Christian Wirth Schönbronn Company, Leipzig Schmidt–Münstermann, Warsaw branch [1][2]
Operated by	SS-Totenkopfverbände
Original use	Extermination camp
First built	April 1942 – July 1942
Operational	22 July 1942 – October 1943[3]
Number of gas chambers	6
Inmates	Jews, mostly Polish
Number of inmates	Est. 1,000 Sonderkommando
Killed	Est. 700,000–900,000
Liberated by	Closed in late 1943
Notable inmates	Richard Glazar Artur Gold Janusz Korczak Chil Rajchman Jankiel Wiernik[a][5] Samuel Willenberg
Notable books	A Year in Treblinka Into That Darkness Old and New Memories Revolt in Treblinka Trap with a Green Fence The Last Jew of Treblinka

പിന്നാമ്പുറം

The Wannsee Conference, where the plans for Operation Reinhard and the Treblinka extermination camp were outlined, took place at this villa.

സ്ഥാനം

Treblinka on the map of occupied Poland with Nazi extermination camps marked with black and white skulls. General Government territory: centre. Distrikt Galizien: lower–right. Provinz Oberschlesien with Auschwitz: lower–left. The Nazi-Soviet demarcation line splitting the Second Republic in two is marked in red – starting point for Operation Barbarossa of 1941.

ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക 1

Official announcement of the founding of Treblinka I, the forced-labour camp

ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക 2

Memorial at Treblinka II, with 17,000 quarry stones symbolising gravestones. Inscriptions indicate places of Holocaust train departures with at least 5,000 victims and selected ghettos from across Poland.

The 1944 aerial photo of Treblinka II after "clean-up". The new farmhouse and livestock building are visible to the lower left.^[10] The photograph is overlaid with outlines of already-dismantled structures (marked in red/orange). On the left are the SS and Hiwi guards living quarters (1) with barracks defined by the surrounding walkways. At the bottom (2) are the railway ramp and unloading platform (centre), marked with the red arrow. The "road to heaven"^[11] is marked with a dashed line. The undressing barracks for men and women, surrounded by a solid fence with no view of the outside, are marked with two rectangles. The location of the new, big gas chambers (3) is marked with a cross. The burial pits, dug with a crawler excavator, are in light yellow.

കൂട്ടക്കൊലയുടെ രീതി

പോളണ്ടുകാരായ ജൂതന്മാർ

Jews being loaded onto trains to Treblinka at the Warsaw Ghetto's Umschlagplatz, 1942

വിദേശികളായ ജൂതന്മാരും റൊമാനി ജനതയും

Standard Holocaust locomotive, DRB Class 52

ഗ്യാസ് ചേമ്പറുകൾ

Telegram to Berlin from the deputy commander of Aktion Reinhard, Hermann Höfle, 15 January 1943 listing the number of arrivals in the extermination camps, 1942 total. Camp Treblinka (T): 713,555 Jews

Deportation of 10,000 Polish Jews to Treblinka during the liquidation of the ghetto in Siedlce beginning 23 August 1942^[12]

സംസ്കരിച്ച കുഴികൾ

Stone memorial resembling one of the original cremation pits where the bodies were burned. It is a flat grave marker constructed of crushed and cemented black basalt symbolising burnt charcoal. The actual human ashes were mixed with sand and spread over 22,000 square metres (237,000 square feet).^[13]

ക്യാമ്പിന്റെ പ്രവർത്തനരീതി

Members of SS-Totenkopfverbände from Treblinka (from left): Paul Bredow, Willi Mentz, Max Möller and Josef Hirtreiter

പ്രമാണം:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0918-0201-001, KZ Treblinka, Lageplan (Zeichnung) II.jpg

Sketch plan of Treblinka II produced during Stangl's 1967 trial in Germany. Missing from it are the swathes of land around cremation pits with burial trenches excavated by a mechanical digger (see aerial photo).

ട്രെബ്ലിങ്കയിലെ തടവുകാരുടെ കലാപം

Burning Treblinka II perimeter during the prisoner uprising, 2 August 1943. Barracks were set ablaze, including a tank of petrol which exploded setting fire to the surrounding structures. This clandestine photograph was taken by Franciszek Ząbecki.

കലാപത്തിന്റെ ദിനവും രക്ഷപ്പെട്ടവരും

Survivor Samuel Willenberg presenting his drawings of Treblinka II in the Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at the site of the camp. On the right, the "Lazaret" killing station.

കലാപത്തിനുശേഷം

ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക 2 -ന്റെ പ്രവർത്തന നേതൃത്വം

ഇംഫ്രീഡ് എബറൽ

Irmfried Eberl, the first commandant of Treblinka II, removed because of his alleged incompetence in running the camp

ഫ്രാൻസ് സ്റ്റാംഗൾ

പ്രമാണം:Stangl, Franz.jpg

Franz Stangl, the second and longest-serving commandant of Treblinka II

ട്രെബ്ലിങ്ക ഗാനം

പ്രമാണം:Kurt Hubert Franz.jpg

Kurt Franz, deputy commandant under Eberl and Stangl and the last commandant of Treblinka II

കുർട്ട് ഫ്രാൻസ്

സോവിയറ്റുകളുടെ വരവ്

സംരക്ഷിക്കാനുള്ള ആദ്യശ്രമങ്ങൾ

Treblinka memorial (2005)

സ്മാരകത്തിന്റെ നിർമ്മാണം

മരണസംഖ്യ

The Holocaust "Güterwagen" wagon holding an average of 100 victims, occupied Poland

ആദ്യ കണക്കുകൾ

കോടതികളിൽ പ്രദർശിപ്പിച്ചതും സത്യവാങ്‌മൂലങ്ങളും

Timeline of deportations to Treblinka during Grossaktion Warsaw, July 1942 to September 1942 (graph)

ഹോഫ്‌ൾ ടെലഗ്രാം

കണക്കുകളുടെ പട്ടിക

Estimate	Source	Notes	Year	Work[7]
at least 700,000	Helmut Krausnick	first West German estimate; used during trial of Kurt Franz	1965	[14]
at least 700,000	Adalbert Rückerl	Director of the Central Authority for Investigation into Nazi Crime in Ludwigsburg[15]	N/A
at least 700,000	Joseph Billig	French historian	1973
700,000–800,000	Czesław Madajczyk	Polish historian	1970
700,000–900,000	Robin O’Neil	from Belzec: Stepping Stone to Genocide; Hitler's answer to the Jewish Question, published by JewishGen Yizkor Books Project	2008	[14]
713,555	Höfle Telegram	discovered in 2001; official Nazi estimate up to the end of 1942	1942	[16]
at least 750,000	Michael Berenbaum	from his encyclopedia entry on Treblinka	2012	Encyclopædia Britannica[9]
at least 750,000	Raul Hilberg	American Holocaust historian	1985	The Destruction of European Jews
780,000	Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz	Polish historian responsible for the first estimate of the death count based on 156 transports with 5,000 prisoners each, published in his monograph Obóz zagłady w Treblince	1947
780,863	Jacek Andrzej Młynarczyk	cited by Timothy Snyder; combines Hölfe Telegram with undated German evidence from 1943	2004	[17]
at least 800,000	Treblinka camp museum	uses Franciszek Ząbecki's evidence and evidence from the ghettos	N/A
850,000	Yitzhak Arad	Israeli historian who estimates 763,000 deaths between July 1942 and April 1943 alone[18]	1983	Treblinka, Hell and Revolt[19]
at least 850,000	Martin Gilbert	British historian	1993
870,000	Yad Vashem	Israel's Holocaust museum	N/A	[20]
870,000 to 925,000	United States Holocaust Museum	from "Treblinka: Chronology" article; excludes the deaths from forced labour in Treblinka I	N/A	[21]
876,000	Simon Wiesenthal Center	738,000 Jews from the General Government; 107,000 from Bialystok; 29,000 Jews from elsewhere in Europe; and 2,000 Gypsies	N/A	[22]
at least 900,000	Wolfgang Scheffler	second West German estimate; used during trial of Franz Stangl	1970
912,000	Manfred Burba	German historian	2000
at least 1,200,000	Franciszek Ząbecki	Polish eyewitness	1977	Old and New Memories
1,297,000	Piotr Ząbecki	revision of Franciszek Ząbecki's estimate by his son Piotr	2013	He was a humble man[23]
1,582,000	Ryszard Czarkowski	Polish historian	1989
3,000,000	Vasily Grossman	Soviet reporter	1946	The Hell of Treblinka

Treblinka trials

Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal, pictured here in 1982, was responsible for hunting down Franz Stangl in Brazil.

Material gain

Archaeological studies

പ്രമാണം:Treblinka tile.jpg

One of the tiles found during the archaeological dig, providing the first physical evidence for the existence of the gas chambers at Treblinka

March of the Living

Operation Reinhard leadership and Treblinka commandants

For a more comprehensive list, see List of individuals responsible for Treblinka extermination camp.

Name	Rank	Function and Notes	Citation
Operation Reinhard leadership
Odilo Globocnik	SS-Hauptsturmführer and SS-Polizeiführer at the time (captain and SS Police Chief)	head of Operation Reinhard	[24][25]
Hermann Höfle	SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain)	coordinator of Operation Reinhard	[26]
Christian Wirth	SS-Hauptsturmführer at the time (captain)	inspector for Operation Reinhard	[27]
Richard Thomalla	SS-Obersturmführer at the time (first lieutenant)	head of death camp construction during Operation Reinhard	[24][27]
Erwin Lambert	SS-Unterscharführer (corporal)	head of gas chamber construction during Operation Reinhard (large gas chambers)	[28][29]
Treblinka commandants
Theodor van Eupen	SS-Sturmbannführer (major), Commandant of Treblinka I Arbeitslager, 15 November 1941 – July 1944 (cleanup)	head of the forced-labour camp	[30]
Irmfried Eberl	SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant), Commandant of Treblinka II, 11 July 1942 – 26 August 1942	transferred to Berlin due to incompetence	[24]
Franz Stangl	SS-Obersturmführer (first lieutenant), 2nd Commandant of Treblinka II, 1 September 1942 – August 1943	transferred to Treblinka from Sobibor extermination camp	[24]
Kurt Franz	SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant), last Commandant of Treblinka II, August (gassing) – November 1943	promoted from deputy commandant in August 1943 following camp prisoner revolt	[24][28]
Deputy commandants
Karl Pötzinger	SS-Oberscharführer (staff sergeant), Deputy commandant of Treblinka II	head of cremation	[31]
Heinrich Matthes	SS-Scharführer (sergeant), Deputy commandant	chief of the extermination area	[28][32][33]