Insulin

Insulin merupakan sejenis hormon jenis polipeptida yang dihasilkan oleh kelenjar pankreas. Sel yang menghasilkan hormon insulin dalam kelenjar pankreas dikenali sebagai sel beta, iaitu sejenis sel yang terdapat dalam kelompokan sel yang digelar pepulau Langerhans dalam pankreas.

INS
Struktur sedia ada PDB Pencarian ortolog: PDBe RCSB Senarai kod PDB 1A7F, 1AI0, 1AIY, 1B9E, 1BEN, 1EV3, 1EV6, 1EVR, 1FU2, 1FUB, 1G7A, 1G7B, 1GUJ, 1HIQ, 1HIS, 1HIT, 1HLS, 1HTV, 1HUI, 1IOG, 1IOH, 1J73, 1JCA, 1JCO, 1K3M, 1KMF, 1LKQ, 1LPH, 1MHI, 1MHJ, 1MSO, 1OS3, 1OS4, 1Q4V, 1QIY, 1QIZ, 1QJ0, 1RWE, 1SF1, 1T1K, 1T1P, 1T1Q, 1TRZ, 1TYL, 1TYM, 1UZ9, 1VKT, 1W8P, 1XDA, 1XGL, 1XW7, 1ZEG, 1ZEH, 1ZNJ, 2AIY, 2C8Q, 2C8R, 2CEU, 2H67, 2HH4, 2HHO, 2HIU, 2JMN, 2JUM, 2JUU, 2JUV, 2JV1, 2JZQ, 2K91, 2K9R, 2KJJ, 2KJU, 2KQQ, 2KXK, 2L1Y, 2L1Z, 2LGB, 2M1D, 2M1E, 2M2M, 2M2N, 2M2O, 2M2P, 2OLY, 2OLZ, 2OM0, 2OM1, 2OMG, 2OMH, 2OMI, 2QIU, 2R34, 2R35, 2R36, 2RN5, 2VJZ, 2VK0, 2W44, 2WBY, 2WC0, 2WRU, 2WRV, 2WRW, 2WRX, 2WS0, 2WS1, 2WS4, 2WS6, 2WS7, 3AIY, 3BXQ, 3E7Y, 3E7Z, 3EXX, 3FQ9, 3I3Z, 3I40, 3ILG, 3INC, 3IR0, 3Q6E, 3ROV, 3TT8, 3U4N, 3UTQ, 3UTS, 3UTT, 3V19, 3V1G, 3W11, 3W12, 3W13, 3W7Y, 3W7Z, 3W80, 3ZI3, 3ZQR, 3ZS2, 3ZU1, 4AIY, 4AJX, 4AJZ, 4AK0, 4AKJ, 4EFX, 4EWW, 4EWX, 4EWZ, 4EX0, 4EX1, 4EXX, 4EY1, 4EY9, 4EYD, 4EYN, 4EYP, 4F0N, 4F0O, 4F1A, 4F1B, 4F1C, 4F1D, 4F1F, 4F1G, 4F4T, 4F4V, 4F51, 4F8F, 4FG3, 4FKA, 4GBC, 4GBI, 4GBK, 4GBL, 4GBN, 4IUZ, 5AIY, 2LWZ, 3JSD, 3KQ6, 3P2X, 3P33, 1JK8, 2MLI, 2MPG, 2MPI, 2MVC, 2MVD, 4CXL, 4CXN, 4CY7, 4NIB, 4OGA, 4P65, 4Q5Z, 4RXW, 4UNE, 4UNG, 4UNH, 4XC4, 4WDI, 4Z76, 4Z77, 4Z78, 2N2W, 5CO6, 5ENA, 4Y19, 5BQQ, 5BOQ, 2N2V, 5CNY, 5CO9, 5EN9, 4Y1A, 2N2X, 5BPO, 5CO2, 5BTS, 5HYJ, 5C0D,%%s1EFE, 1SJT, 1SJU, 2KQP,%%s1T0C,%%s2G54, 2G56, 3HYD, 2OMQ
Pengecam
Alias	INS, IDDM, IDDM1, IDDM2, ILPR, IRDN, MODY10, insulin, PNDM4
Pengecam-pengecam luaran	OMIM: 176730 MGI: 96573 HomoloGene: 173 GeneCards: INS
Kedudukan gen (Manusia) Kr. Kromosom 11[1] Jalur 11p15.5 Mula 2,159,779 bp[1] Tamat 2,161,221 bp[1]
Corak ekspresi RNA Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Sel beta badan pankreas right lobe of liver right adrenal gland left adrenal gland left adrenal cortex right adrenal cortex ectocervix Descending thoracic aorta left uterine tube Top expressed in Kelenjar pankreas pyloric antrum choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Epithelium of choroid plexus janin Kantung yolka retinal pigment epithelium tian secondary oocyte primordial pancreas More reference expression data BioGPS Rujukan lanjutan untuk data ekspresi
Ontologi gen Fungsi molekul insulin receptor binding identical protein binding protease binding insulin-like growth factor receptor binding Pengikatan protein plasma hormone activity Komponen sel endoplasmic reticulum lumen transport vesicle Golgi membrane secretory granule lumen Golgi lumen endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane endosome lumen extracellular region Ekstrasel Proses biologi negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity positive regulation of DNA replication positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation positive regulation of cell differentiation MAPK cascade positive regulation of respiratory burst positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling negative regulation of protein oligomerization positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response cell-cell signaling positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process positive regulation of glycolytic process positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation activation of protein kinase B activity wound healing positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division negative regulation of feeding behavior positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion negative regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of cell migration acute-phase response regulation of protein secretion positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport negative regulation of lipid catabolic process positive regulation of cell growth negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway glucose metabolic process negative regulation of acute inflammatory response negative regulation of protein secretion positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation glucose homeostasis positive regulation of cell population proliferation fatty acid homeostasis positive regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of transmembrane transporter activity negative regulation of gluconeogenesis negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process regulation of protein localization regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process proses metabolisme karbohidrat negative regulation of proteolysis alpha-beta T cell activation positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus positive regulation of glucose import insulin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of gene expression regulation of signaling receptor activity positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction regulation of synaptic plasticity kognisi positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process neuron projection maintenance response to L-arginine Transduksi isyarat Sumber:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolog Spesies Manusia Mencit Entrez 3630 16334 Ensembl ENSG00000254647 ENSMUSG00000000215 UniProt P01308 P01326 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000207 NM_001185097 NM_001185098 NM_001291897 NM_001185083 NM_001185084 NM_008387 RefSeq (protein) NP_000198 NP_001172026 NP_001172027 NP_001278826 NP_000198.1 NP_001172026.1 NP_001172027.1 NP_001278826.1 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_000198 NP_001172012 NP_001172013 NP_032413 Kedudukan (UCSC) Chr 11: 2.16 – 2.16 Mb tiada data Carian PubMed [2] [3]
Wikidata
Papar/Sunting data manusia Papar/Sunting data mencit

Fungsi utama insulin ialah pengawalan keseimbangan tahap glukosa dalam darah dan bertindak meningkatkan pengambilan glukosa oleh sel badan. Kegagalan badan untuk menghasilkan insulin, atau jumlah insulin yang tidak mencukupi akan menyebabkan glukos tidak dapat masuk ke dalam dan digunakan oleh sel-sel badan. Oleh sebab itu, glukosa meningkat di dalam darah menyebabkan berlakunya penyakit kencing manis juga dikenal sebagai diabetes melitus.

Perubatan

Dalam perubatan, insulin digunakan untuk merawat hiperglisemia, yakni masalah glukosa yang berlebihan dalam darah, dan diberi secara suntikan.^[4] Insulin dalam perubatan boleh dihasilkan secara biosintetik atau diperoleh daripada sumber haiwan.