IPA | Consonants |
| | | Examples | English approximation |
b |
b |
besta |
best |
β |
β |
sábado[1] |
between baby and bevy or best |
v |
cavalo; livre (P); libre (G)[2] |
vest or between baby and bevy |
ð |
d |
rapadura[1] |
this or dice |
d |
dedo |
dice |
dʒ |
digo[3] |
dice or engine |
f |
fase; café |
face |
ɡ |
ɡ |
gato; guerra |
get |
ɣ |
magarefe; trigo[1] |
between go and ahold or get |
k |
cores; laca; quente; kelvin |
scan |
l |
l |
lua; calor[4] |
lot |
ɫ |
w |
mal; principal[5][4] |
toll; tow or lot |
ʎ |
velho (P); vello (G)[6] |
roughly like million |
m |
mesa; comer[4] |
almighty |
n |
nata; ano[4] |
sonic |
ŋ |
|
unha; inglesa; can; álbum (G)[4] |
singer |
ɲ |
manhã (P); mañá (G) |
roughly like canyon[7] |
p |
peito; topo |
spouse |
r |
ʁ |
ʁ |
raro; carro; enrascado[8][9] |
guttural r (P) or trilled r (G) |
ɾ |
lar; morte; por favor[8][9][10] |
ladder in American English or guttural r |
ɾ |
raro; caro; bravo; por acaso[9][10] |
ladder in American English |
ʃ |
ʒ |
ʒ |
já; gente (P); xa; xente (G) |
rouge or shop |
z |
z |
rasgado; portas brancas[11] |
rouge or zebra |
s |
z |
casa; existir; portas abertas |
zebra or sack |
θ |
zona; azul |
zebra or thought |
ʃ |
s |
dez; foz |
sheep; sketch or bath |
s |
cimeira; braço (P); brazo (G) |
sack or thought |
s |
saco; máximo; isso (P); iso (G) |
sack |
ʃ |
escola; mastro; portas fechadas |
sheep or sketch |
ʃ |
ʃ |
xarope; baixo |
shop |
tʃ |
chave; achar |
shop or chop |
tʃ |
tʃ |
tchau |
chop |
t |
tipo; ponte[3] |
stand or cheese |
t |
tempo; átomo |
stand |
IPA | Marginal consonants |
| | | Examples | English approximation |
ħ |
|
ghato; trigho (G)[12] |
roughly like hook |
x |
|
kharxa[13] |
loch |
|
IPA | Vowels |
| | | Examples | English approximation |
a |
a |
a |
taça; lá; às; Camões; alface |
father |
ɐ |
baixada; cabide; as |
about or father |
ɐ |
taça; manhã |
aura; finger (RP) or father |
[cama; banho; câmera[14] and also anglicisms as rush, bug] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
purse (RP) or father |
ɛ |
ɛ |
meta, sé |
set |
e |
prémio/prêmio[14] incrível |
set or play |
e |
e |
meto; sê; acepção[15] |
play |
ɨ |
semáforo[16] |
emission or play |
i |
pente; pequeno; se[16] |
emission; see or play |
i |
meandro; e |
see or play |
i |
cima[14] si; dia; país |
see |
ɔ |
ɔ |
formosa; formosos; avó |
ball (GA) ~ lot (RP) |
o |
bónus/bônus[14] hospital |
ball or sole (GA) |
o |
o |
formoso; avô; oliveira |
sole (GA) ~ sword (RP) |
u |
Portugal |
loop or sole (GA) |
u |
boneco; voo; vi-o; frio[17] |
u |
lume[14] rua; saúde |
loop |
IPA | Nasal vowels |
| | | Examples | English approximation |
|
ɐ̃ |
canto; ângulo; âmbar; lã[18] |
uhn-huh (nasal /ɐ/) |
ẽ |
cento; sempre; essência[19] |
nasal /e/ |
ĩ |
cinto; sim; ímpar |
nasal /i/ |
õ |
conto; cônscio; bom; cômputo |
nasal /o/ |
ũ |
fungo; algum; cúmplice |
nasal /u/ |
|
IPA | Semivowels[20] |
| | | Examples | English approximation |
j |
pais; saia; cães; corações |
you or boy |
w |
quando; guarda; frequente; quão |
wine or cow |
|
IPA | Suprasegmentals |
| | | Examples | Explanation |
ˈ |
livre [ˈlivɾɨ] ~ [ˈlivɾi] |
lexical stress |
ˌ |
contramão [ˌkõtɾɐˈmɐ̃w] |
secondary stress |
. |
dia [ˈdi.ɐ] ~ [ˈdʒi.ɐ] |
syllable break |
|
See also
- Portuguese phonology
- History of the Portuguese language
ਹਵਾਲੇ
In northern and central Portugal, /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are lenited to fricatives of the same place of articulation ([β], [ð], and [ɣ], respectively) in all places except after a pause, or a nasal vowel, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ], not dissimilar from English b, d, g (Mateus & d'Andrade 2000, p. 11). In Galician and some rural northern accents of European Portuguese, /v/ has merged with the [b ~ β] set. In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, /d, t/ are affricated to [dʒ, tʃ] before high front vowels /i, ĩ/. In Galician, nasal and lateral consonants only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation. In word-final position, only /ŋ/ and /l/ occur. In European Portuguese, syllable-final /l/ is usually velarized [ɫ] much like with 'toll' for many English speakers. For most Brazilians, it has been vocalized to [w] before consonants and at the end of words. In traditional Galician, syllable-final /l/ was also velarized; but nowadays it has been widely replaced by a clear l [l] in most dialects. In some Galician dialects /ʎ/ has merged with /j/. Minor yeísmo-like merger is also present in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, specially the caipira one. The rhotic consonant represented as /ʁ/ has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as [x], [h], [χ], [ʁ], etc., in Brazil; as [ʁ], [ʀ], [r], etc., in Portugal; and as [r] in Galicia. See also Guttural R in Portuguese. The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ ‹r› and /ʁ/ ‹rr› only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as ‹r›, with /ʁ/ occurring word-initially, after ‹l›, ‹n›, and ‹s› and in compounds; /ɾ/ is found elsewhere. The realization of syllable-final ‹r› varies amongst dialects; it is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ] in European Portuguese, Galician and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as either an alveolar approximant [ɹ] or retroflex approximant [ɻ] in various other Brazilian dialects (primarily known for its use in caipira dialect, but also paranaense among sulista dialects, mineiro, sertanejo, and to a minor degree, some spekers of paulistano, capixaba and even fluminense) and as a guttural R in all others (e.g. Rio de Janeiro city, the overwhelmingly majority from the Northeast). Additionally, in some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final ‹r› may be weakened to complete elision in infinitives; e.g. ficar [fiˈka] (note word final ‹r› is pronounced —though as a tap [ɾ]— only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ficar ao léu [fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]). Allophone of /s/ in Galician. In some Galician dialects /ɡ/ is pharyngealized [ħ] or glottalized [h] in a phonological process known as gheada. In Galician, /x/ may be used in loanwords, foreign names and hispanicized names; like kharxa, Araújo (instead of Araúxo, pron. with [ʃ]) and Fagilde or Fajilde (instead of Faxilde, pron. with [ʃ]). The 5 higher vowels /ɐ, e, i, o, u/, when stressed and followed by a nasal consonant, may assimilate the nasality. In the dialect of Lisbon, /e/ merges with /ɐ/ when it comes before palatal sounds (e.g. abelha, venho, jeito). In European Portuguese the IPA symbol /ɨ/ denotes a near-close near-back unrounded vowel: [ɯ̟] or [ʊ̜], rather than a close central unrounded vowel. Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in frio ('cold') and rio ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel [ˈfɾi.u] and a glide [ˈfɾiw], exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like eu rio [ˈew ˈʁi.u] (I laugh) and ele riu [ˈelɨ ˈʁiw] (he laughed). In Portuguese, word final /ɐ̃/ may diphthongize to [ɐ̃w] (note this realization occurs exclusively in verbal forms spelled with final -am: namoram, falam, ruiram). In Portuguese, word final /ẽ/ diphthongizes to [ẽj] (e.g. sem, também, nuvens). In many European Portuguese dialects (especially central and southern varieties) it has become [ɐ̃j]: sem [ˈsɐ̃j] The semivowels /w/ and /j/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs. This includes nasal diphthongs such as [ɐ̃j] and [ɐ̃w], and nasal triphthongs such as [wɐ̃w] and [wõj].
External links
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