Medalha Nacional de Ciências

A Medalha Nacional de Ciências (em inglês: National Medal of Science) é uma condecoração concedida pelo Presidente dos Estados Unidos.

O presidente Donald Trump nāo concedeu a medalha durante sua presidência. A última vez que a medalha foi concedida foi em 19 de maio de 2016, quando o presidente Barack Obama concedeu as medalha de 2013 e 2014.^[1]

Agraciados[2]

Ciência do Comportamento e Social

• 1964 Neal Elgar Miller
• 1986 Herbert Simon
• 1987 Anne Anastasi, George Joseph Stigler
• 1988 Milton Friedman
• 1990 Leonid Hurwicz, Patrick Suppes
• 1991 George A. Miller
• 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson
• 1994 Robert Merton
• 1995 Roger N. Shepard
• 1996 Paul Samuelson
• 1997 William K. Estes
• 1998 William Julius Wilson
• 1999 Robert Solow
• 2000 Gary Stanley Becker
• 2003 R. Duncan Luce
• 2004 Kenneth Arrow
• 2005 Gordon H. Bower
• 2008 Michael Posner
• 2009 Mortimer Mishkin
• 2011 Anne Treisman
• 2012 Robert Axelrod
• 2014 Albert Bandura

Ciências Biológicas

• 1963 Cornelis Bernardus van Niel
• 1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky, Marshall Nirenberg
• 1965 Francis Rous, George Gaylord Simpson, Donald Van Slyke
• 1966 Edward Fred Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, William Cumming Rose, Sewall Wright
• 1967 Kenneth Stewart Cole, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred Sturtevant
• 1968 Horace Barker, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, Jay Laurence Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
• 1969 Robert Hübner, Ernst Mayr
• 1970 Barbara McClintock, Albert Sabin
• 1973 Daniel Arnon, Earl Sutherland
• 1974 Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James Neel, James Augustine Shannon
• 1975 Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Brown Hendricks, Orville Vogel
• 1976 Roger Guillemin, Keith Roberts Porter, Efraim Racker, Edward Osborne Wilson
• 1979 Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth Caroline Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul Alfred Weiss
• 1981 Philip Handler
• 1982 Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn
• 1983 Howard Bachrach, Paul Berg, Wendell Lee Roelofs, Berta Scharrer
• 1986 Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle, George Palade, Joan Steitz
• 1987 Michael DeBakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini
• 1988 Michael Stuart Brown, Stanley Norman Cohen, Joseph Goldstein, Maurice Hilleman, Eric Kandel, Rosalyn Yalow
• 1989 Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Roger Sperry, Harland Goff Wood
• 1990 Baruj Benacerraf, Herbert Boyer, Daniel Koshland, Edward Lewis, David G. Nathan, Edward Donnall Thomas
• 1991 Mary Ellen Avery, George Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Robert Kates, Salvador Luria, Paul A. Marks, Folke K Skoog, Paul C. Zamecnik
• 1992 Maxine Singer, Howard Martin Temin
• 1993 Daniel Nathans, Salome G. Waelsch
• 1994 Thomas Eisner, Elizabeth Neufeld
• 1995 Alexander Rich
• 1996 Ruth Patrick
• 1997 James Watson, Robert A. Weinberg
• 1998 Bruce Ames, Janet Rowley
• 1999 David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis
• 2000 Nancy Coover Andreasen, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese
• 2001 Francisco José Ayala, George F. Bass, Mario Capecchi, Ann Graybiel, Gene Likens, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus
• 2002 James E. Darnell, Evelyn M. Witkin
• 2003 John Michael Bishop, Solomon Halbert Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
• 2004 Norman Borlaug, Phillip Allen Sharp, Thomas Starzl
• 2005 Anthony Fauci, Torsten Wiesel
• 2006 Rita Colwell, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer
• 2007 Robert Lefkowitz, Bert William O’Malley
• 2008 Francis Collins, Elaine Fuchs, Craig Venter
• 2009 Susan Lindquist, Stanley Prusiner
• 2010 Ralph Lawrence Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch
• 2011 Lucy Shapiro, Leroy Hood, Sallie Chisholm
• 2012 May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts
• 2013 Rakesh Jain
• 2014 Stanley Falkow, Mary-Claire King, Simon Levin

Química

• 1964 Roger Adams
• 1982 Frank Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork
• 1983 Roald Hoffmann, George Claude Pimentel, Richard Zare
• 1986 Harry Barkus Gray, Yuan Lee, Carl Shipp Marvel, Frank Westheimer
• 1987 William Summer Johnson, Walter Hugo Stockmayer, Max Tishler
• 1988 William Oliver Baker, Konrad Bloch, Elias James Corey
• 1989 Richard Barry Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Harden McConnell
• 1990 Elkan Blout, Karl August Folkers, John Dombrowski Roberts
• 1991 Ronald Breslow, Gertrude Elion, Dudley Robert Herschbach, Glenn Theodore Seaborg
• 1992 Howard Ensign Simmons
• 1993 Donald James Cram, Norman Hackerman
• 1994 George Simms Hammond
• 1995 Thomas Cech, Isabella Karle
• 1996 Norman Davidson
• 1997 Darleane Hoffman, Harold Johnston
• 1998 John Werner Cahn, George Whitesides
• 1999 Stuart Alan Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon
• 2000 John D. Baldeschwieler, Ralph Hirschmann
• 2001 Ernest Roy Davidson, Gábor Somorjai
• 2002 John Brauman
• 2004 Stephen Lippard
• 2006 Marvin Harry Caruthers, Peter Dervan
• 2007 Mostafa El-Sayed
• 2008 Joanna Fowler, JoAnne Stubbe
• 2009 Stephen James Benkovic, Marye Anne Fox
• 2010 Jacqueline Barton, Peter John Stang
• 2011 Allen Joseph Bard, M. Frederick Hawthorne
• 2012 Judith Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald
• 2013 Geraldine Richmond
• 2014 Paul Alivisatos

Ciências da Engenharia

• 1962 Theodore von Kármán
• 1963 Vannevar Bush, John Robinson Pierce
• 1964 Othmar Ammann, Charles Stark Draper
• 1965 Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson, Warren Lewis
• 1966 Claude Shannon
• 1967 Edwin Land, Igor Sikorsky
• 1968 John Presper Eckert, Nathan M. Newmark
• 1969 Jack Kilby
• 1970 George Mueller
• 1973 Harold Eugene Edgerton, Richard Whitcomb
• 1974 Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman
• 1975 Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick Terman, Wernher von Braun
• 1976 Morris Cohen, Peter Carl Goldmark, Erwin Wilhelm Müller
• 1979 Emmett Leith, Raymond Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Earl Parker, Simon Ramo
• 1982 Edward Heinemann, Donald Katz
• 1983 William Hewlett, George Low, John George Trump
• 1986 Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin, Bernard Oliver
• 1987 Robert Byron Bird, Harry Bolton Seed, Ernst Weber
• 1988 Daniel Drucker, Willis Hawkins, George W. Housner
• 1989 Harry George Drickamer, Herbert Earl Grier
• 1990 Mildred Dresselhaus, Nick Holonyak
• 1991 George Heilmeier, Luna Leopold, Guyford Stever
• 1992 Calvin Quate, John Roy Whinnery
• 1993 Alfred Yi Cho
• 1994 Ray Clough
• 1995 Hermann Anton Haus
• 1996 James Flanagan, Chandra Kumar Patel
• 1998 Eli Ruckenstein
• 1999 Kenneth N. Stevens
• 2000 Yuan-Cheng Fung
• 2001 Andreas Acrivos
• 2002 Leo Beranek
• 2003 John Prausnitz
• 2004 Edwin Lightfoot
• 2005 Jan Achenbach
• 2006 Robert Langer
• 2007 David Wineland
• 2008 Rudolf Kalman
• 2009 Amnon Yariv
• 2010 Shu Chien
• 2011 John Bannister Goodenough
• 2012 Thomas Kailath

Ciências Matemáticas, Estatísticas e Computacionais

• 1963 Norbert Wiener
• 1964 Solomon Lefschetz, Marston Morse
• 1965 Oscar Zariski
• 1966 John Milnor
• 1967 Paul Cohen
• 1968 Jerzy Neyman
• 1969 William Feller
• 1970 Richard Brauer
• 1973 John Tukey
• 1974 Kurt Gödel
• 1975 John Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern, George Dantzig
• 1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs, Hassler Whitney
• 1979 Joseph Leo Doob, Donald Knuth
• 1982 Marshall Harvey Stone
• 1983 Herman Goldstine, Isadore Singer
• 1986 Peter Lax, Antoni Zygmund
• 1987 Raoul Bott, Michael Freedman
• 1988 Ralph Gomory, Joseph Keller
• 1989 Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane, Donald Spencer
• 1990 George Carrier, Stephen Kleene, John McCarthy
• 1991 Alberto Calderón
• 1992 Allen Newell
• 1993 Martin Kruskal
• 1994 John Cocke
• 1995 Louis Nirenberg
• 1996 Richard Karp, Stephen Smale
• 1997 Shing-Tung Yau
• 1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz
• 1999 Felix Browder, Ronald Coifman
• 2000 John Griggs Thompson, Karen Uhlenbeck
• 2001 Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, Elias Stein
• 2002 James Glimm
• 2003 Carl de Boor
• 2004 Dennis Sullivan
• 2005 Bradley Efron
• 2006 Hyman Bass
• 2007 Leonard Kleinrock, Andrew Viterbi
• 2009 David Mumford
• 2010 Richard Alfred Tapia, S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
• 2011 Solomon Wolf Golomb, Barry Mazur
• 2012 Alexandre Chorin, David Blackwell
• 2015 Michael Artin

Ciências Físicas

• 1963 Luis Walter Alvarez
• 1964 Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey, Robert Burns Woodward
• 1965 John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Max Lederman, William Walden Rubey
• 1966 Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, John Hasbrouck Van Vleck, Vladimir Zworykin
• 1967 Jesse Beams, Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Louis Plack Hammett, George Kistiakowsky
• 1968 Paul Doughty Bartlett, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager, Eugene Paul Wigner
• 1969 Herbert Charles Brown, Wolfgang Panofsky
• 1970 Robert Henry Dicke, Allan Rex Sandage, John Clarke Slater, John Archibald Wheeler, Saul Winstein
• 1973 Carl Djerassi, William Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Robert Rathbun Wilson
• 1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul John Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Pauling, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
• 1975 Hans Bethe, Joseph Hirschfelder, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Edgar Bright Wilson, Chien-Shiung Wu
• 1976 Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Frederick Rossini, Verner Suomi, Henry Taube, George Eugene Uhlenbeck
• 1979 Richard Feynman, Hermann Mark, Edward Mills Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Victor Weisskopf
• 1982 Philip Warren Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles Hard Townes
• 1983 Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, Bruno Rossi, John Robert Schrieffer
• 1986 Solomon Buchsbaum, Horace Crane, Herman Feshbach, Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Yang
• 1987 Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Christian Lauterbur, George Pake, James Van Allen
• 1988 David Allan Bromley, Chu Ching-wu, Walter Kohn, Norman Foster Ramsey, Jack Steinberger
• 1989 Arnold Orville Beckman, Eugene Parker, Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel
• 1990 Allan Cormack, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle
• 1991 Arthur Schawlow, Ed Stone, Steven Weinberg
• 1992 Eugene Shoemaker
• 1993 Val Logsdon Fitch, Vera Rubin
• 1994 Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
• 1995 Hans Georg Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich
• 1996 Wallace Smith Broecker
• 1997 Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill
• 1998 Don Lynn Anderson, John Norris Bahcall
• 1999 James Watson Cronin, Leo Kadanoff
• 2000 Willis Eugene Lamb, Jeremiah Paul Ostriker, Gilbert Fowler White
• 2001 Marvin Cohen, Raymond Davis Jr., Charles Keeling
• 2002 Richard Garwin, William Jason Morgan, Edward Witten
• 2003 Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi
• 2004 Robert N. Clayton
• 2005 Ralph Alpher, Lonnie Thompson
• 2006 Daniel Kleppner
• 2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Charles Pence Slichter
• 2008 Berni Alder, James Gunn
• 2009 Yakir Aharonov, Esther Marley Conwell, Warren Washington
• 2011 Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates
• 2012 Burton Richter, Sean Solomon
• 2014 Shirley Ann Jackson

Referências

1. «President Obama Honors Nation's Leading Scientists and Innovators» Em obamawhitehouse.archives.gov, 19 de maio de 2016
2. «The President's National Medal of Science: Recipients» (em inglês). National Science Foundation. Consultado em 22 de outubro de 2017. Cópia arquivada em 22 de outubro de 2017