Ixodes
gen de arahnide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ixodes este cel mai mare gen de căpușe al familiei ixodidelor (Ixodidae), cu 245 specii. Ele sunt specii ectoparazite ale mamiferelor și omului și pot provoca prin înțepătura lor dermatite pruriginoase, anemie și pot servi ca vectori pentru diverse microorganisme patogene ale omului și mamiferelor. Sunt căpușe cu trei gazde.
Specie tip: Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus).
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Caracteristici morfologice
Ixodes sunt căpușe neornamentate mici. Palpii și baza capitulului sunt de formă variabilă. Al doilea segment al palpului poate fi micșorat la bază, creând un spațiu gol între palp și chelicere. Piesele bucale sunt lungi, la femele sunt mai lungi decât la masculi. Al patrulea segment al palpilor este redus foarte mult și pe el se află senzile chemoreceptoare.
Nu au ochi sau festoane. Au spiracle rotunde sau ovale.
Dimorfism sexual este pronunțat, în special cu privire la capitul și la plăci . Masculii au 7 plăci ventrale, care acoperă aproape suprafața ventrală: 3 impare situate pe linia mediană - placa pregenitală, placa mediană și placa anală și 2 pare - o pereche de plăci adanale și o pereche de plăci epimerale (marginale).
Ixodes se pot distinge de alte căpușe ixodide prin poziția anterioară a șanțului anal. La alte genuri de Ixodidae șanțul anal este absent sau este posterior de anus.
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Căpușele Ixodes din România
În România sunt răspândite 11 specii de căpușe Ixodes. Cea mai des întâlnită este căpușă Ixodes ricinus.
Căpușele din România și gazdele lor:
- Ixodes apronophorus (Schulze, 1924) - rozătoare
- Ixodes arboricola (Schulze & Schlottke, 1930) - păsări
- Ixodes crenulatus (Koch, 1844) - mustelide
- Ixodes hexagonus (Leach, 1815) - mustelide, carnivore
- Ixodes laguri (Olenev, 1931) - rozătoare
- Ixodes redikorzevi (Olenev, 1927) - rozătoare, insectivore, carnivore, păsări, reptile
- Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - om, animale de companie, vite, rozătoare, insectivore, lagomorfe, mustelide, carnivore, cervide, păsări, reptile
- Ixodes rugicollis (Schulze & Schlottke, 1930) - mustelide
- Ixodes simplex (Neumann, 1906) - chiroptere
- Ixodes trianguliceps (Birula, 1895) - rozătoare, insectivore
- Ixodes vespertilionis (Koch, 1844) - chiroptere
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Specii
- Ixodes abrocomae Lahille, 1916
- Ixodes acuminatus Neumann 1901
- Ixodes acutitarsus Karsch, 1880
- Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes albignaci Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969
- Ixodes alluaudi Neumann, 1913
- Ixodes amarali Fonseca 1935
- Ixodes amersoni Kohls, 1966
- Ixodes anatis Chilton, 1904
- Ixodes andinus Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes angustus Neumann 1899
- Ixodes antechini Roberts, 1960
- Ixodes apronophorus Schulze 1924
- Ixodes arabukiensis Arthur, 1959
- Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca, 1935
- Ixodes arboricola Schulze & Schlottke, 1930
- Ixodes arebiensis Arthur, 1956
- Ixodes asanumai Kitaoka 1973
- Ixodes aulacodi Arthur, 1956
- Ixodes auriculaelongae Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes auritulus Neumann 1904
- Ixodes australiensis Neumann, 1904
- Ixodes baergi Cooley & Kohls, 1942
- Ixodes bakeri Arthur & Clifford, 1961
- Ixodes banksi Bishopp, 1911
- Ixodes bedfordi Arthur, 1959
- Ixodes bequaerti Cooley & Kohls, 1945
- Ixodes berlesei Birula, 1895
- Ixodes bivari Santos Dias, 1990
- Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904
- Ixodes brewsterae Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
- Ixodes browningi Arthur, 1956
- Ixodes brumpti Morel, 1965
- Ixodes brunneus Koch, 1844
- Ixodes calcarhebes Arthur & Zulu, 1980
- Ixodes caledonicus Nuttall 1910
- Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849
- Ixodes capromydis Cerny, 1966
- Ixodes catherinei Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
- Ixodes cavipalpus Nuttall & Warburton 1908
- Ixodes ceylonensis Kohls, 1950
- Ixodes chilensis Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes colasbelcouri Arthur, 1957
- Ixodes collocaliae Schulze, 1937
- Ixodes columnae Takada & Fujita, 1992
- Ixodes conepati Cooley & Kohls, 1943
- Ixodes confusus Roberts, 1960
- Ixodes cookei Packard, 1869
- Ixodes cooleyi Aragão & Fonseca, 1951
- Ixodes copei Wilson, 1980
- Ixodes cordifer Neumann, 1908
- Ixodes cornuae Arthur, 1960
- Ixodes cornuatus Roberts, 1960
- Ixodes corwini Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
- Ixodes crenulatus Koch, 1844
- Ixodes cuernavacensis Kohls & Clifford, 1966
- Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus Schulze, 1943
- Ixodes dampfi Cooley, 1943
- Ixodes daveyi Nuttall, 1913
- Ixodes dawesi Arthur, 1956
- Ixodes dendrolagi Wilson, 1967
- Ixodes dentatus Marx, 1899
- Ixodes dicei Keirans & Ajohda, 2003
- Ixodes diomedeae Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes diversifossus Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes djaronensis Neumann, 1907
- Ixodes domerguei Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1965
- Ixodes downsi Kohls, 1957
- Ixodes drakensbergensis Clifford, Theiler & Baker, 1975
- Ixodes eadsi Kohls & Clifford, 1964
- Ixodes eastoni Keirans & Clifford, 1983
- Ixodes eichhorni Nuttall 1916
- Ixodes eldaricus Dzhaparidze, 1950
- Ixodes elongatus Bedford, 1929
- Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell, 1885
- Ixodes euplecti Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes evansi Arthur, 1956
- Ixodes fecialis Warburton & Nuttall, 1909
- Ixodes festai Rondelli 1926
- Ixodes filippovae Cerny, 1961
- Ixodes fossulatus Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes frontalis Panzer, 1798
- Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844
- Ixodes galapagoensis Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1980
- Ixodes ghilarovi Filippova & Panova, 1988
- Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916
- Ixodes granulatus Supino, 1897
- Ixodes gregsoni Lindquist, Wu & Redner, 1999
- Ixodes guatemalensis Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes hearlei Gregson, 1941
- Ixodes heinrichi Arthur, 1962
- Ixodes hexagonus Leach 1815
- Ixodes himalayensis Dhanda & Kulkarni, 1969
- Ixodes hirsti Hassall, 1931
- Ixodes holocyclus Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes hoogstraali Arthur, 1955
- Ixodes howelli Cooley & Kohls, 1938
- Ixodes hyatti Clifford, Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1971
- Ixodes hydromyidis Swan, 1931
- Ixodes jacksoni Hoogstraal, 1967
- Ixodes jellisoni Cooley & Kohls, 1938
- Ixodes jonesae Kohls, Sonenshine & Clifford, 1969
- Ixodes kaiseri Arthur, 1957
- Ixodes kashimiricus Pomerantsev, 1948
- Ixodes kazakstani Olenev & Sorokoumov, 1934
- Ixodes kerguelenensis André & Colas-Belcour, 1942
- Ixodes kingi Bishopp, 1911
- Ixodes kohlsi Arthur, 1955
- Ixodes kopsteini Oudemans, 1926
- Ixodes kuntzi Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1965
- Ixodes laguri Olenev, 1931
- Ixodes lasallei Méndez Arocha & Ortiz, 1958
- Ixodes latus Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes laysanensis Wilson, 1964
- Ixodes lemuris Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes lewisi Arthur, 1965
- Ixodes lividus Koch, 1844
- Ixodes longiscutatus Boero 1944
- Ixodes loricatus Neumann 1899
- Ixodes loveridgei Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes luciae Sénevet, 1940
- Ixodes lunatus Neumann, 1907
- Ixodes luxuriosus Schulze, 1932
- Ixodes macfarlanei Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
- Ixodes malayensis Kohls, 1962
- Ixodes marmotae Cooley & Kohls, 1938
- Ixodes marxi Banks, 1908
- Ixodes maslovi Emel'yanova & Kozlovskaya, 1967
- Ixodes matopi Spickett, Keirans, Norval & Clifford, 1981
- Ixodes mexicanus Cooley & Kohls, 1942
- Ixodes minor Neumann, 1902
- Ixodes minutae Arthur, 1959
- Ixodes mitchelli Kohls, Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1970
- Ixodes monospinosus Saito, 1968
- Ixodes montoyanus Cooley, 1944
- Ixodes moreli Arthur 1957
- Ixodes moscharius Teng, 1982
- Ixodes moschiferi Nemenz 1968
- Ixodes muniensis Arthur & Burrow, 1957
- Ixodes muris Bishopp & Smith, 1937
- Ixodes murreleti Cooley & Kohls, 1945
- Ixodes myospalacis Teng, 1986
- Ixodes myotomys Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1970
- Ixodes myrmecobii Roberts, 1962
- Ixodes nairobiensis Nuttall, 1916
- Ixodes nchisiensis Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes nectomys Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes neitzi Clifford, Walker & Keirans, 1977
- Ixodes nesomys Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969
- Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet 1947
- Ixodes nicolasi Santos Dias, 1981
- Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka & Saito, 1967
- Ixodes nitens Neumann, 1904
- Ixodes nuttalli Lahille, 1913
- Ixodes nuttallianus Schulze, 1930
- Ixodes occultus Pomerantsev, 1946
- Ixodes ochotonae Gregson, 1941
- Ixodes okapiae Arthur, 1956
- Ixodes oldi Nuttall 1913
- Ixodes ornithorhynchi Lucas, 1846
- Ixodes ovatus Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes pacificus Cooley & Kohls, 1943
- Ixodes paranaensis Barros-Battesti, Arzua, Pichorim & Keirans, 2003
- Ixodes pararicinus Keirans & Clifford, 1985
- Ixodes pavlovskyi Pomerantsev, 1946
- Ixodes percavatus Neumann, 1906
- Ixodes peromysci Augustson, 1940
- Ixodes persulcatus Schulze 1930
- Ixodes petauristae Warburton 1933
- Ixodes philipi Keirans & Kohls, 1970
- Ixodes pilosus Koch, 1844
- Ixodes pomerantzi Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes pomeranzevi Serdyukova, 1941
- Ixodes priscicollaris Schulze, 1932
- Ixodes procaviae Arthur & Burrow, 1957
- Ixodes prokopjevi Emel'yanova, 1979
- Ixodes radfordi Kohls, 1948
- Ixodes rageaui Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes randrianasoloi Uilenberg & Hoogstraal, 1969
- Ixodes rangtangensis Teng, 1973
- Ixodes rasus Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes redikorzevi Olenev, 1927
- Ixodes rhabdomysae Arthur, 1959
- Ixodes ricinus Linnaeus, 1758
- Ixodes rothschildi Nuttall & Warburton, 1911
- Ixodes rotundatus Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes rubicundus Neumann, 1904
- Ixodes rubidus Neumann, 1901
- Ixodes rugicollis Schulze & Schlottke, 1930
- Ixodes rugosus Bishopp 1911
- Ixodes sachalinensis Filippova, 1971
- Ixodes scapularis Say 1821
- Ixodes schillingsi Neumann, 1901
- Ixodes schulzei Aragão & Fonseca, 1951
- Ixodes sculptus Neumann, 1904
- Ixodes semenovi Olenev, 1929
- Ixodes shahi Clifford, Hoogstraal & Kohls, 1971
- Ixodes siamensis Kitaoka & Suzuki, 1983
- Ixodes sigelos Keirans, Clifford & Corwin, 1976
- Ixodes signatus Birula, 1895
- Ixodes simplex Neumann, 1906
- Ixodes sinaloa Kohls & Clifford, 1966
- Ixodes sinensis Teng, 1977
- Ixodes soricis Gregson, 1942
- Ixodes spinae Arthur, 1958
- Ixodes spinicoxalis Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes spinipalpis Hadwen & Nuttall, 1916
- Ixodes steini Schulze, 1932
- Ixodes stilesi Neumann 1911
- Ixodes stromi Filippova, 1957
- Ixodes subterranus Filippova, 1961
- Ixodes succineus Weidner, 1964
- Ixodes taglei Kohls 1969
- Ixodes tamaulipas Kohls & Clifford, 1966
- Ixodes tancitarius Cooley & Kohls, 1942
- Ixodes tanuki Saito, 1964
- Ixodes tapirus Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes tasmani Neumann, 1899
- Ixodes tecpanensis Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes tertiarius Scudder, 1885
- Ixodes texanus Banks, 1909
- Ixodes theilerae Arthur, 1953
- Ixodes thomasae Arthur & Burrow, 1957
- Ixodes tiptoni Kohls & Clifford, 1962
- Ixodes tovari Cooley, 1945
- Ixodes transvaalensis Clifford & Hoogstraal, 1966
- Ixodes trianguliceps Birula 1895
- Ixodes trichosuri Roberts, 1960
- Ixodes tropicalis Kohls, 1956
- Ixodes turdus Nakatsuji, 1942
- Ixodes ugandanus Neumann, 1906
- Ixodes unicavatus Neumann, 1908
- Ixodes uriae White, 1852
- Ixodes vanidicus Schulze, 1943
- Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls, 1953
- Ixodes ventalloi Gil Collado, 1936
- Ixodes vespertilionis Koch, 1844
- Ixodes vestitus Neumann, 1908
- Ixodes victoriensis Nuttall 1916
- Ixodes walkerae Clifford, Kohls & Hoogstraal, 1968
- Ixodes werneri Kohls, 1950
- Ixodes woodi Bishopp 1911
- Ixodes zaglossi Kohls, 1960
- Ixodes zairensis Keirans, Clifford & Walker, 1982
- Ixodes zumpti Arthur, 1960
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Bibliografie
- Fauna Republicii Române. Vol. 5. : Arachnida. Fasc. 2 : Acaromorpha. Suprafamilia Ixodoidea (Căpușe). Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. 1965
- Elena Claudia Coipan, Alexandru Filip Vladimirescu, Octavian Ciolpan, Irina Teodorescu. Tick species (acari: ixodoidea) distribution, seasonality and host associations in Romania. Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle «Grigore Antipa». Vol. LIV (2). 2011[nefuncțională]
- Cosoroabă I. Entomologie veterinară. Edit. Ceres. București. 1992
- Cosoroabă I. Acarologie veterinară. Edit. Ceres, București. 1994
- Cosoroabă I.. Gh. Dărăbuș, I. Oprescu. Compendiu de parazitologie veterinară. Vol. 1-2, Edit. Mirton, Timișoara. 1995
- Nitzulescu V., Gherman I. Entomologie medicală. Edit. Academiei Române. 1990
- Richard Wall, David Shearer. Veterinary Ectoparasites: Biology, Pathology and Control. 2008.
- Dwight D. Bowman, Jay Robert Georgi. Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians. 2009
- George Henry Falkiner Nuttall. Ticks: A Monograph of the Ixodoidea. Volume 4. 1926
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