Kurandura ubukene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kugabanya ubukene, kurwanya ubukene, kurandura ubukene, ni ingamba zifatika, haba mu bukungu ndetse n’ubutabazi, zigamije kuvana burundu mu bukene.
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Ingamba, kimwe n’izamurwa na Henry George mu bukungu bwe bwite Iterambere n’ubukene, nizo zizamura, cyangwa zigamije kuzamura, uburyo bwo gufasha abakene kwihangira ubutunzi ubwabo nk'umuyoboro wo guca ubukene ubuziraherezo. Muri iki gihe, abahanga mu bukungu batandukanye bo mu ishyaka rya Jeworujiya batanga ingamba nk’umusoro ku gaciro k’ubutaka kugira ngo isi igere kuri bose. Ubukene buboneka mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ndetse no mu bihugu byateye imbere. Mu gihe ubukene bwagwiriye cyane mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, ibihugu byombi bifata ingamba zo kugabanya ubukene.
Ubukene bwemewe mu mateka mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’isi byanze bikunze nk’ubukungu budashingiye ku nganda bwatanze umusaruro muke cyane, mu gihe abaturage bariyongereye cyane, bigatuma ubutunzi buke. [2] Geoffrey Parker yanditse ko: [3]
Muri Antwerp na Lyon, imigi ibiri minini yo mu burengerazuba bw’Uburayi, mu 1600 bitatu bya kane by’abaturage bose bari bakennye cyane ku buryo batashoboraga kwishyura imisoro, bityo bikaba bishoboka ko bakeneye ubutabazi mu bihe by’ibibazo.
Kugabanya ubukene ahanini biterwa no kuzamuka kw’ubukungu muri rusange. [4] Ibura ry'ibiribwa byari bisanzwe mbere y’ikoranabuhanga rigezweho mu buhinzi ndetse n’ahantu hatabura muri iki gihe, nk’ifumbire ya azote, imiti yica udukoko n’uburyo bwo kuhira. [6] Intangiriro ya Revolisiyo y’inganda yatumye ubukungu bwiyongera cyane, bivanaho ubukene bukabije mu bihugu bifatwa nk’iterambere ryateye imbere. Umusaruro rusange w'isi ku muntu wikubye kabiri mu kinyejana cya 20. [8] Mu 1820, 75% by'abantu babayeho munsi y'idolari ku munsi, mu gihe mu 2001 abagera kuri 20% gusa.
Muri iki gihe, iterambere ry’ubukungu rikomeje kubuzwa no kubura ubwisanzure mu bukungu. Kwishyira ukizana mu bukungu bisaba kwagura uburenganzira ku mutungo ku bakene, cyane cyane ku butaka. Serivise y’imari, cyane cyane kuzigama, irashobora kugerwaho n’abakene binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga, nka banki zigendanwa. [10] Inzego zidakora neza, ruswa, n’imidugararo ya politiki nabyo birashobora guca intege ishoramari. Inkunga na leta mu buzima, uburezi, n'ibikorwa remezo bifasha gutera imbere mu kongera imari y’umuntu n’umubiri.
Kurwanya ubukene bikubiyemo no kuzamura imibereho yabantu basanzwe bakennye. Imfashanyo, cyane cyane mu buvuzi na siyansi, ni ngombwa mu gutanga ubuzima bwiza, nka Revolution Green ndetse no kurandura ibicurane. [12] Ibibazo by’imfashanyo y’iterambere muri iki gihe birimo umubare munini w’imfashanyo zifitanye isano, zitegeka kwakira ibihugu kugura ibicuruzwa, akenshi bihenze, bituruka gusa mu bihugu by’abaterankunga. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, bamwe bizera (Peter Singer mu gitabo cye Ubuzima Urashobora Gukiza) ko impinduka nto muburyo abantu bo mubihugu bikize babaho ubuzima bwabo bushobora gukemura ubukene bwisi.
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