British Raj

The British Raj was the colonial rule of the British Crown from 1858 to 1947 of the Indian Subcontinent. Raj is a word in Sanskrit that means "rule" and so "British Raj" means rule of the British Empire. The area of the colony is now in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.^[3] The British Raj was officially called India or the Indian Empire.

British India अंग्रेजी भारत
1858–1947
Flag Indian Star
Anthem: "God Save the King/Queen" [1]
1909 Map of the British Indian Empire, showing British India in two shades of pink and the princely states in yellow.
Status	Imperial political structure (British India, a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)[2]
Capital	Calcutta (1858–1911) New Delhi (1911–1947)
Common languages	English Hindi Urdu Various South Asian languages
Religion	Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism
Government	British Colonial Government
Monarch of the United Kingdom and Emperor/Empressa
• 1858–1901	Victoria
• 1901–1910	Edward VII
• 1910–1936	George V
• 1936	Edward VIII
• 1936–1947	George VI
Viceroyb
• 1858–1862	The 2nd Viscount Canning (first)
• 1947	The 1st Viscount Mountbatten (last)
Secretary of State
• 1858–1859	Lord Stanley (first)
• 1947	The 5th Earl of Listowel (last)
Legislature	Imperial Legislative Council
History
• Battle of Plassey & Indian Rebellion	23 June 1757 & 10 May 1857
• Government of India Act	2 August 1858
• Indian Independence Act	18 July 1947
• Partition of India	14 and 15 August 1947
Currency	Indian rupee
ISO 3166 code	IN
Preceded by Succeeded by Company rule in India Mughal Empire Dominion of India Dominion of Pakistan
Title of Emperor/Empress of India existed 1876–1948 Full title was "Viceroy and Governor-General of India"

The term British Raj is used for the direct British rule over areas that had been conquered by the British in the Subcontinent. It also included the independent princely states. These areas were governed by their own traditional rulers although they were under the overall authority of the British crown. An estimated 165 million people may have died as a result of British colonial policies from 1880 to 1920. This number is larger than the death toll from both World War I and World War II, including The Holocaust.^[4][5]

Myanmar or Burma became its own British colony in 1937. The colony of Aden came under the same government from 1858 to 1937, as were British Somaliland (now part of Somalia) from 1884 to 1898 and Singapore from 1858 to 1867.

British rule ended on 15 August 1947. The borders between India and Pakistan came into effect on the 18 August. Many people died during the Partition of India.

Jammu and Kashmir, like the other princely states, had not been under direct British rule. India and Pakistan went to war over the area, which is now divided between them.

The 1861 census showed that the British population in the subcontinent was 125,945. Only 41,862 of them were civilians as compared with 84,083 European officers and men of the Army.^[6] In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies.^[7]