French and Indian War

The French and Indian War was fought between 1754 and 1763 in British North America and French North America. The land is now in the United States and Canada. The French were allies of some Native Americans, and the British were allies of others.

The descent of the French on St. John's, Newfoundland, 1762

The conflict was part of the Seven Years' War among the European great powers, which took place in various parts of the world. France was already fighting Prussia and so did not send many troops to America.

Causes

• Both the British and the French thought that they owned the Ohio Country, the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River. France wanted to keep New France, and Britain wanted to prevent that. Both wanted to control the fur trade and expected to send settlers someday.
• Both European countries used Native American claims to the land. The British said that it belonged to the Iroquois, and the French said it belonged to their Hurons. Neither side asked what the people of the Ohio Country wanted. The land supported the beaver pelt.
• The British Thirteen Colonies feared control of the Pope in North America. France was controlled by the Catholic Church. The British settlers were Protestant and saw that as a threat to their religious freedoms, which they had under English law.

Battles

The French built a new fort in the disputed territory, and the British decided to expel them. After failing in a small battle in 1754, the British tried again at the Battle of Monongahela in 1755. The British commander, General Edward Braddock, died with many of his men in a failed attack against the French in what later became Pittsburgh. A militia officer, George Washington, led the defeated survivors home.^[1]

After the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the British conquered Quebec City.

Outcome

The fighting in North America stopped on September 8, 1760, with the French surrender of Montreal and the rest of Canada to the British.

The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. France lost all of its North American lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain except the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, near Newfoundland. Britain offered France the choice to give up its Canadian land or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which British troops had taken during the war. France chose to keep the islands, which were valuable for their sugar plantations.

With the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the colonists in British North America became unhappy over their share of the winnings. That became one of the causes of the American Revolution.