Lists of rulers of Sudan

List

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

	Incumbent	Portrait	Tenure	Notes
			Turco-Egyptian Sudan
	Isma'il Kamil Pasha, Commander		November 1820 to 1821
	Muhammad Bey Defterdar, Commander		April 1821 to September 1824
	Osman Bey Jarkas, Commander		September 1824 to May 1825
	Mahu Bey Urfali, Commander		May 1825 to March 1826
	Ali Khurshid Agha, Governor		March 1826 to 1835
	Ali Khurshid Pasha, Hakimdar		1835 to June 1838	Governor-General
	Ahmad Pasha abu Widan, Hakimdar		June 1838 to 6 October 1843	Governor-General
	Ahmad Pasha Manikli (Manliki), Hakimdar		1843 to 1845	Governor-General
	Khalid Khusraw Pasha, Hakimdar		1845 to 1850	Governor-General
	'Abd al-Latif Pasha, Hakimdar		1850 to January 1851	Governor-General
	Rustum Pasha Jarkas, Hakimdar		January 1851 to May 1852	Governor-General
	Isma'il Haqqi Pasha abu Jabal, Hakimdar		May 1852 to 1853	Governor-General
	Salim Pasha Sa'ib al-Jaza'irli, Hakimdar		1853 to 1854	Governor-General
	Ali Pasha Sirri al-Arna'ut, Hakimdar		July 1854 to November 1854	Governor-General
	Ali Pasha Jarkas, Governor		1854 to 1855
	Arakil Bey al-Armani, Governor		1856 to 1858
	Hasan Bey Salama Jarkas, Governor		1859 to 1861
	Muhammad Rasikh Bey, Governor		1861 to 1862
	Mūsā Pasha Ḥamdī, Hakimdar		1862 to 1865	Governor-General
	'Umar Bey Fakhri, acting Hakimdar		1865 to November 1865	acting Governor-General
	Ja'afar Pasha Sadiq, Hakimdar		November 1865 to 1866	Governor-General
	Ja'afar Pasha Mazhar, Hakimdar		1866 to 5 February 1871	Governor-General
	Ahmad Mumtaz Pasha, Hakimdar		5 February 1871 to October 1872	Governor-General
	Edhem Pasha al-Arifi at-Atqalawi, acting Hakimdar		October 1872 to 1872	acting Governor-General
	Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur, Hakimdar		1872 to 18 May 1877	Governor-General
	Charles George Gordon ("Gordon Pasha"), Hakimdar		May 1877 to December 1879	Governor-General, 1st time
	Muhammad Rauf Pasha, Hakimdar		December 1879 to February 1882	Governor-General
	Carl Christian Giegler ("Giegler Pasha"), acting Hakimdar		4 March 1882 to 11 May 1882	acting Governor-General
	'Abd al-Qadir Pasha Hilmi, Hakimdar		May 1882 to March 1883	Governor-General
	'Ala al-Din Pasha Siddiq, Hakimdar		March 1883 to 5 November 1883	Governor-General
	Henry Watts Russell de Coetlogon, acting Hakimdar		February 1884 to 18 February 1884	acting Governor-General
	Charles George Gordon ("Gordon Pasha"), Hakimdar		18 February 1884 to 26 January 1885	Governor-General, 2nd time; Killed at the end of the Siege of Khartoum
			26 January 1885 to 2 October 1898	Territory of Turkish Sudan under complete control of Mahdiyah (Mahdist State)
			Mahdist State
	Muhammad Ahmad, Mahdi		29 June 1881 to 22 June 1885	Self-proclaimed Mahdi, Islamic Messiah
	Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, Khalifa		22 June 1885 to 2 September 1898	Self-proclaimed Caliph, successor to Muhammad Ahmad; Defeated in the Battle of Omdurman, and later killed in the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat
			British Military Administration
	Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Military Governor		2 September 1898 to 19 January 1899	Simultaneously served as Sirdar
			Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (condominium)
	Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, Governor-General		19 January 1899 to 22 December 1899	Simultaneously served as Sirdar
	Sir Francis Reginald Wingate, Governor-General		22 December 1899 to 31 December 1916	Simultaneously served as Sirdar
	Sir Lee Oliver Fitzmaurice Stack, Governor-General		1 January 1917 to 20 November 1924	Simultaneously served as Sirdar; assassinated in Cairo
	Wasey Sterry [de], acting Governor-General		21 November 1924 to 5 January 1925
	Sir Geoffrey Francis Archer, Governor-General		5 January 1925 to 6 July 1926	The first civilian Governor-General
	Sir John Loader Maffey, Governor-General		31 October 1926 to 10 January 1934
	Sir George Stewart Symes, Governor-General		10 January 1934 to 19 October 1940
	Sir Hubert Jervoise Huddleston, Governor-General		19 October 1940 to 8 April 1947
	Sir Robert George Howe, Governor-General		8 April 1947 to 29 March 1954
	Sir Alexander Knox Helm, Governor-General		29 March 1954 to 12 December 1955
	Muhammad Ahmad Abu Rannat, acting Governor-General		12 December 1955 to 1 January 1956	Chief Justice of Sudan
			1 January 1956	Independence as Republic of the Sudan

For continuation after independence, see: List of heads of state of Sudan

Heads of government of Sudan (1952–present)

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party
1		Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi (1885–1959) [a]	22 October 1952	November 1953	National Umma Party
2		Ismail al-Azhari (1900–1969)	6 January 1954	1 January 1956	Democratic Unionist Party
(2)		Ismail al-Azhari (1900–1969)	1 January 1956	5 July 1956	Democratic Unionist Party
3		Abdallah Khalil (1892–1970)	5 July 1956	17 November 1958[b]	National Umma Party
4		Ibrahim Abboud (1900–1983)	18 November 1958	30 October 1964 (resigned.)	Military
5		Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa (1919–2006)	30 October 1964	2 June 1965 (resigned.)	National Umma Party
6		Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (1908–1976)	10 June 1965	25 July 1966	National Umma Party
7		Sadiq al-Mahdi (1935–2020) [c]	27 July 1966	18 May 1967	National Umma Party
(6)		Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub (1908–1976)	18 May 1967	25 May 1969 (deposed.)	National Umma Party
8		Babiker Awadalla (1917–2019)	25 May 1969	27 October 1969	Independent
9		Gaafar Nimeiry (1930–2009)	28 October 1969 [d]	11 August 1976	Military / Sudanese Socialist Union
10		Rashid Bakr (1933–1988)	11 August 1976	10 September 1977	Sudanese Socialist Union
(9)		Gaafar Nimeiry (1930–2009)	10 September 1977	6 April 1985 (deposed.)	Military / Sudanese Socialist Union
11		Al-Jazuli Daf'allah (born 1935)	22 April 1985	10 October 1985	Independent
(11)		Al-Jazuli Daf'allah (born 1935)	10 October 1985[1]	6 May 1986	Independent
(7)		Sadiq al-Mahdi (1935–2020) [c]	6 May 1986	30 June 1989 (deposed.)	National Umma Party
Post abolished (30 June 1989 – 2 March 2017)
12		Bakri Hassan Saleh (born 1949)	2 March 2017	10 September 2018	National Congress Party
13		Motazz Moussa (born 1967)	10 September 2018	23 February 2019	National Congress Party
14		Mohamed Tahir Ayala (born 1951)	23 February 2019	21 August 2019 (resigned).	National Congress Party
15		Abdalla Hamdok (born 1956)	21 August 2019	25 October 2021 (deposed.)	National Congress Party
(15)		Abdalla Hamdok (born 1956)	21 November 2021	2 January 2022 (resigned.)	National Congress Party
16		Osman Hussein	19 January 2022[e]	Incumbent	National Congress Party

1. Posthumous son of Muhammad Ahmad; Imam of the Ansar.
2. Carried out a self-coup against his own government.
3. Grandson of Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi; Imam of the Ansar.
4. Briefly interrupted during the 19–22 July 1971 coup d'état.
5. Acting: 2–19 January 2022

Heads of state of Sudan (1956–present)

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Elected	Term of office		Political party
1		Sovereignty Council [a]	—	1 January 1956	17 November 1958 (deposed)	Multipartisan
2		Ibrahim Abboud (1900–1983)	—	17 November 1958	16 November 1964 (resigned)	Military
—		Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa (1919–2006) Acting President	—	16 November 1964	3 December 1964	National Umma Party
3		First Committee of Sovereignty [b]	—	3 December 1964	10 June 1965	Multipartisan
4		Second Committee of Sovereignty [c]		10 June 1965	8 July 1965
5		Ismail al-Azhari (1900–1969)	—	8 July 1965	25 May 1969 (deposed)	Democratic Unionist Party
6		Gaafar Nimeiry (1928–2009) [d]	1971[e] 1977 1983	25 May 1969	6 April 1985 (deposed)	Military / Sudanese Socialist Union
7		Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab (1934–2018)	—	6 April 1985	6 May 1986[f]	Military
8		Ahmed al-Mirghani (1941–2008)	—	6 May 1986	30 June 1989 (deposed)	Democratic Unionist Party
9		Omar al-Bashir (born 1944)	1996 2000 2010 2015	30 June 1989	11 April 2019 (deposed)	Military / National Congress Party
10		Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf (born 1957)	—	11 April 2019	12 April 2019 (resigned)	Military / National Congress Party
11		Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (born 1960)	—	12 April 2019	20 August 2019	Military
12		Transitional Sovereignty Council [g]	—	20 August 2019	25 October 2021 (deposed)	Multipartisan (FFC and TMC)
(11)		Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (born 1960)	—	25 October 2021	11 November 2021	Military
(12)		Transitional Sovereignty Council [h]	—	11 November 2021	Incumbent	Multipartisan

1. Members: Abdel Fattah Muhammad al-Maghrabi, Muhammad Ahmad Yasin, Ahmad Muhammad Salih, Muhammad Othman al-Dardiri and Siricio Iro Wani.
2. Members: Abdel Halim Muhammad, Tijani al-Mahi, Mubarak Shaddad, Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman and Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho.
3. Members: Ismail al-Azhari, Abdullah al-Fadil al-Mahdi, Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho, Abdel Halim Muhammad and Khidr Hamad.
4. Briefly interrupted during the 19–22 July 1971 coup d'état.
5. Presidency referendum.
6. Handed over power to the civilian government after the 1986 parliamentary election.
7. Members:^[2] Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Hemedti, Yasser al-Atta, Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, Aisha Musa el-Said, Siddiq Tawer, Mohamed al-Faki, Hassan Sheikh Idris, Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi^[3] and Raja Nicola.
8. Members: Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Deputy Chairman Hemedti (until 2023), Malik Agar (Deputy Chairman from 2023), Shams al-Din Khabbashi, Yasser al-Atta, Ibrahim Jabir Karim, El Hadi Idris Yahya, El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar, Raja Nicola, Abdulgasim Bortom, Yousef Jad Karim, Abdelbagi al-Zubeir, Salma Abdeljabbar.^[4][5][6]

Vice presidents

First vice presidents

Title	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political affiliation		Representing	President		Refs
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
Deputy Chairman of the NRCC		Babiker Awadalla	May 1969	1971	2 years		Independent			Gaafar Nimeiry	[7]
Vice President		Abel Alier	1971	1972	1 year		SF	Southern Sudan
First Vice President		Major Gen. Mohamed al-Baghir Ahmed	1972	1976	4 years		Military / SSU				[7][8]
		Major Abuelgasim Mohamed Hashim	1976	1979	3 years		Military / SSU				[7]
		Lt. General Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil	1979	1982	3 years		Military / SSU				[9][7]
		Major Gen. Omar Muhammad al-Tayib [a]	1982	April 1985	3 years		Military / SSU				[10][7]
Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Military Council		Lt. General Taj el-Deen Abdallah Fadl	April 1985	May 1986	1 year, 1 month		Military			Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab	[11]
Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council		Abd al-Rahman Saeed	1986	1989	3 years					Ahmed al-Mirghani
Deputy Chairman of the RCCNS		Major Gen. Zubair Mohamed Salih	9 July 1989	October 1993	8 years, 218 days		Military / NCP			Omar al-Bashir	[12][7]
Vice President			October 1993	February 1994
First Vice President			February 1994	12 February 1998 [b]							[13]
		Ali Osman Taha	17 February 1998	9 January 2005	6 years, 327 days		NCP				[13]
		John Garang	9 January 2005	30 July 2005 [c]	202 days		SPLM	Southern Sudan			[7]
		Salva Kiir Mayardit	11 August 2005	9 July 2011 [d]	5 years, 332 days		SPLM	Southern Sudan			[7][14]
		Ali Osman Taha	13 September 2011	6 December 2013	2 years, 84 days		NCP				[7][15]
		Bakri Hassan Saleh [e]	7 December 2013	23 February 2019	5 years, 78 days		NCP				[16]
		Lt. General Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf	23 February 2019	11 April 2019	47 days		Military / NCP				[17]
Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Military Council		Lt. General Kamal Abdel-Marouf al-Mahi	11 April 2019	13 April 2019	2 days		Military			Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf	[18]
		Lt. General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti)	13 April 2019	20 August 2019	4 years, 36 days		Military			Abdel Fattah al-Burhan	[19]
Deputy Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council			21 August 2019	25 October 2021							[20]
			11 November 2021	19 May 2023							[21]
		Malik Agar	19 May 2023	Incumbent	2 years, 74 days		SPLM–N				[22]

Second vice presidents

Title	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political affiliation		Representing	President		Refs
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
Deputy Chairman of the NRCC		Major Gen. Khalid Hassan Abbas	May 1969	1971	2 years		Military			Gaafar Nimeiry	[23]
Second Vice President		Abel Alier	1972	1982	10 years		SF	Southern Sudan			[13][8]
		Joseph Lagu	1982	April 1985	3 years		SANU	Southern Sudan			[13]
		George Kongor Arop	14 February 1994	14 October 2000	6 years, 243 days		NCP	Southern Sudan		Omar al-Bashir	[24][23]
		Moses Kacoul Machar	12 February 2001	January 2005	3 years, 10 months			Southern Sudan			[23]
		Ali Osman Taha	9 July 2005	13 September 2011	6 years, 66 days		NCP				[14]
		Al-Haj Adam Youssef	13 September 2011	7 December 2013	2 years, 85 days		NCP	Darfur			[25]
		Hassabu Mohamed Abdalrahman	7 December 2013	10 September 2018	4 years, 277 days		NCP	South Darfur			[26]
		Osman Kebir	10 September 2018	11 April 2019	213 days		NCP	North Darfur

Third vice presidents

Title	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political affiliation		President		Refs
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
Third Vice President		Rashid Bakr [f]	11 August 1976	10 September 1977	1 year, 30 days		SSU		Gaafar Nimeiry	[27][23]
		Major Gen. Omar Muhammad al-Tayib	1981	1982	1 year		Military / SSU			[23]

Assistants and advisors to the president

Senior assistants to the president

Title	Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political affiliation		Representing	President		Refs
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
Senior Assistant to the President		Riek Machar	7 August 1997	31 January 2000	2 years, 177 days		SPLA-Nasir	Southern Sudan		Omar al-Bashir
		Minni Minnawi	23 April 2007	6 December 2010	3 years, 227 days		SLM/A	Darfur

Assistants to the president

• Nafii Ali Nafii Ahmed
• Musa Mohamed Ahmed; representing Eastern Sudan

Advisors to the president

• Shartai Jaafar Abdel Hakam (11 January 2012 – ????); representing West Darfur

History of the office

The region of Southern Sudan (currently the independent republic of South Sudan) became autonomous for the first time, within Sudan, in 1972, through the Addis Ababa Agreement, and its local government had five presidents until 1983, when the Sudanese central government revoked the autonomy. Autonomy was gained again in 2005, through the Comprehensive Peace Agreement meant to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, and the position of president of Southern Sudan was restored. Then, on 9 July 2011, South Sudan became independent and a new constitution was adopted.

Heads of State of South Sudan (1972–present)

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

No.		Name		Lifespan	Elected	Took office	Left office	Political party
Presidents of the High Executive Council
	1	Gordon Muortat Mayen		1922–2008	—	9 July 1956	6 April 1972	Independent
	2	Joseph Lagu		1931–		6 April 1972	6 April 1972	Independent
	3	Abel Alier		1933–	—	6 April 1972	February 1978	Southern Front
	4	Joseph Lagu		1931–	—	February 1978	12 July 1979	Sudan African National Union
	5	Peter Gatkuoth		1938–2010	—	12 July 1979	30 May 1980	Independent
	6	Abel Alier		1933–	—	30 May 1980	5 October 1981	Southern Front
	7	Gismalla Abdalla Rassas		1932–2013	—	5 October 1981	23 June 1982	South Sudan Liberation Movement
	8	Joseph James Tombura		1929–1992	—	23 June 1982	5 June 1983	Sudan African National Union
	9	John Garang		1945–2005		5 June 1983	5 June 1984	Independent
	10	Salva Kiir Mayardit		1951–		5 June 1984	5 June 1985	Independent
	11	Malik Agar		1945–		5 June 1986	5 June 1986	Independent
	12	Peter Gadet		1945–2019		5 June 1987	5 June 1987	Independent
	13	Peter Par Jiek		1945–2017		5 June 1987	5 June 1988	Independent
	14	James Hoth Mai		1945–		5 June 1988	5 June 1989	Independent
	15	Dominic Dim Deng		1945–2017		5 June 1989	5 June 1990	Independent
	16	Riek Machar		1951–		5 June 1990	5 June 1993	Independent
	.Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83)						Sudan People's Liberation Movement .Independent
Presidents of the Government
	17	John Garang		1945–2005	—	9 July 2005	30 July 2005[g]	Sudan People's Liberation Movement
	18	Salva Kiir Mayardit		1951–	2010	11 August 2005 Acting since 30 July 2005	9 July 2011	Sudan People's Liberation Movement
President
	18	Salva Kiir Mayardit		1951–	—	9 July 2011	Incumbent	Sudan People's Liberation Movement

Note: The President of South Sudan was also First Vice President of the Sudanese national government until 9 July 2011.

Vice presidents (2005–2020)

This list contains vice presidents of Southern Sudan (2005–2011, autonomous region of Sudan) and vice presidents of the Republic of South Sudan (2011–present, independent country).

Vice presidents of the Southern Sudan autonomous region (2005–2011)

Colour key (for political parties):
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement

Portrait		Name	Term of office			Political affiliation	President
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Salva Kiir Mayardit	9 July 2005	30 July 2005	21 days	SPLM		John Garang
Vacant (30 July – 11 August 2005)								Salva Kiir Mayardit
		Riek Machar	11 August 2005	9 July 2011	5 years, 332 days	SPLM

Vice presidents of the Republic of South Sudan (2011–2020)

Colour key (for political parties):
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement

Portrait		Name	Term of office			Political affiliation	President
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Riek Machar	9 July 2011	23 July 2013	2 years, 14 days	SPLM		Salva Kiir Mayardit
Vacant (23 July – 25 August 2013)
		James Wani Igga	25 August 2013	21 February 2020[14]	6 years, 180 days	SPLM

First vice presidents of the Republic of South Sudan (2016–2020)

Following the signing of the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan (ARCSS) in August 2015 a new position of 'first vice president' was established alongside the pre-existing positions of President of South Sudan and Vice President of South Sudan, with the incumbents in both these positions continuing in office.^[28] Unlike the positions of president and vice president, which are permanent features of the Constitution, the office of first vice president will cease to exist following the end of the transitional period stipulated in the ARCSS unless otherwise decided in the permanent Constitution.

Colour key (for political parties):
  Sudan People's Liberation Movement   Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition

Portrait		Name	Term of office			Political affiliation	President
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
		Riek Machar	26 April 2016	26 July 2016	91 days	SPLM-IO		Salva Kiir Mayardit
		Taban Deng Gai	26 July 2016	21 February 2020[14]	3 years, 210 days	SPLM-IO (Juba faction)

Vice presidents in the unity government (since 2020)

The Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity (RTGoNU) was formed in February 2020 and included five vice presidents.>

Position		Portrait	Name	Term of office			Political affiliation	President
				Took office	Left office	Time in office
	First		Riek Machar	21 February 2020	Incumbent	5 years, 161 days	SPLM-IO		Salva Kiir Mayardit
	Second		James Wani Igga	21 February 2020	Incumbent	5 years, 161 days	SPLM
	Third		Taban Deng Gai	21 February 2020	Incumbent	5 years, 161 days	SPLM-IO (Juba faction)
	Fourth		Rebecca Nyandeng Garang	21 February 2020	Incumbent	5 years, 161 days	SPLM (Former Detainees faction)
	Fifth		Hussein Abdelbagi	21 February 2020	Incumbent	5 years, 161 days	SSOA

Notes

1. Also Head of the State Security Organization.
2. Died in the 1998 Sudan Air Force crash.
3. Died in office.
4. Left position when South Sudan became independent.
5. Also served as Prime Minister of Sudan from March 2017 to October 2018.
6. Also Prime Minister, possibly also Third Vice President in 1977–1979.
7. Died in a crash of the Ugandan Mil Mi-17 presidential helicopter.