Plasma (physics)

Plasma is the 4th state of matter.

A plasma lamp, showing some of the more complex things a plasma can do. The colors come from the gas in the lamp. Each type of gas makes a different color

Gas-filled tubes often contain plasma. This one shows neon. The color of the tube gives a hint to the gas inside

Plasma is created by adding energy to a gas so that some of its electrons leave their atoms. This is ionization. It results in negatively charged electrons, and positively charged ions. Unlike the other states of matter, the charged particles in a plasma react strongly to electric and magnetic fields (i.e. electromagnetic fields). If a plasma loses heat, the ions will re-form into a gas, emitting the energy which had caused them to ionize.

Over 99% of the matter in the visible universe is believed to be plasma. When the atoms in a gas are broken up, the pieces are called electrons and ions. Because they have an electric charge, they are pulled together or pushed apart by electric fields and magnetic fields. This makes a plasma act differently from a gas. For example, magnetic fields can be used to hold a plasma, but not to hold a gas. Plasma is a better conductor of electricity than copper.

Plasma is usually very hot, because it takes very high temperatures to break the bonds between electrons and the nuclei of the atoms. Sometimes plasmas can have very high pressure, as in stars. Stars (including the Sun) are mostly made of plasma. Plasmas can also have very low pressure, as in outer space.

On Earth, lightning makes plasma. Artificial (man-made) uses of plasma include fluorescent light bulbs, neon signs, and plasma displays used for television or computer screens. Plasma lamps and globes which are popular children's toys and room decorations.

Scientists are experimenting with plasma to make a new kind of nuclear power, called fusion, which would be much better and safer than ordinary nuclear power, and would produce much less radioactive waste.

Related pages

• Gas
• Liquid
• Solid
• Bose-Einstein condensate
• Matter
• Plasma window
• Solar wind

Other helpful websites

• Plasma Science and Technology
• Plasma on the Internet comprehensive list of plasma related links.
• Introduction to Plasma Physics: M.I.T. Introduction by I.H.Hutchinson
• Plasma Coalition page
• How to make a glowing ball of plasma in your microwave with a grape Archived 2005-09-06 at the Wayback Machine | More (Video) Archived 2006-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
• Phases of Matter Archived 2009-10-30 at the Wayback Machine