Fiume Columbia

El Cołùnbia o pì coretamente Columbia^[1] el ze el fiume pì grando che el sboca inte l'Osèano Pasìfego nord-osidentale, in Nord Amèrica.

Fiume Columbia

(und) Shocatilicum
Sorte	Fiume e fiume prinsipałe
Epònemo	Columbia Rediviva (en)
Scumìsio
Continente	nordamèrica
Nasion rivaresca	Stati Unii de l'Amèrica e Cànada
Rejon aministrativa	Cołonbia Britànica (Canada)
Pozision	Columbia Lake (en)
Finałe
Rejon aministrativa	àcue internasionałi
Pozision	Osèano Pasìfego
A  B 46.25°N 124.05°W46°15′N, 124°03′W
Afluente	100
Conca idrogràfega	Columbia (conca del fiume)
Dati e sifre
Altitùdene	406 m
Mezura	2 000 () km
Superfise conca idrogràfega	668 217 km²
Mezure e indegadori
Portada	7 500 m³/s

Zeografia

El fiume el taca el so corso de 2.000 km dal Lago Columbia a 820 m s.l.m. sirca, inte łe Montagne Rocioze de ła Columbia Britànega, in Canada. El traversa la vałada jasałe par i so primi 320 km, corendo co andamento nord òvest. Dopo el svolta bruscamente verso sud, entrando inte i Stati Unii d'Amèrica, inte el stato de Washington; arente de ła confluensa del Snake, el svolta verso òvest, devegnendo èsar el confino intrà el Stato de Washington e l'Oregon. Da cuà in dopo, el fiume el rałenta ła so corsa, desbocando inte el Osèano Pasìfego a nord-ovest de Portland, in Oregon.

Portada

Co na portada mèdia a ła boca de sirca 7.500 m³/s, el Columbia el ze el fiume nordamerican co mejo portada che el desboca inte l'Osèano Pasìfego^[2], el 4° par portada inte i Stati Unii^[3].

Mape

Pułìtega

El Columbia e i so afluenti co i confini dei stati dei USA e del Cànada in grizo

Temàtega

Mapa de łe dighe, de łe ciuze e dei estuari drio del Columbia

Idrogràfega

Mapa idrogràfega de ła costa orientałe statunitense col panorama del Pleistocene e cheło odierno

Bibliografia

Zenerałe

• (EN) Robert Carriker e William L. Lang, Great River of the West: Essays on the Columbia River, University of Washington Press, 2013, ISBN 978-02-95-80276-3.
• (EN) Derek Hayes, Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of Exploration and Discovery, Sasquatch Books, 1999, ISBN 978-15-70-61215-2.
• Blaine Harden, A River Lost: The Life and Death of the Columbia, W. W. Norton & Company, 2012, ISBN 978-03-93-34452-3.
• (EN) Tom Lashnits, The Columbia River, Facts On File Incorporated, 2004, ISBN 978-07-91-07728-3.

Stòrego-culturale

• Edward L. Affleck, A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon, and Alaska, Vancouver, Alexander Nicholls Press, 2000, ISBN 978-09-20-03408-8.
• (EN) Katrine Barber, Death of Celilo Falls, University of Washington Press, 2011, ISBN 978-02-95-80092-9.
• (EN) Robert Boyd, People of The Dalles: The Indians of Wascopam Mission, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, ISBN 978-08-03-26232-4.
• (EN) Ella Elizabeth Clark, Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest, University of California Press, 2003, ISBN 978-05-20-23926-5.
• (EN) William Dietrich, Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River, Simon & Schuster, 1995, ISBN 978-06-71-79650-1.
• (EN) Andrew H. Fisher, Shadow Tribe: The Making of Columbia River Indian Identity, University of Washington Press, 2011, ISBN 978-02-95-80197-1.
• (EN) Eugene S. Hunn e James Selam, Nch'i-wána, "the Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land, University of Washington Press, 1990, ISBN 978-02-95-97119-3.
• (EN) Richard Somerset Mackie, Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–1843, University of British Columbia Press, 1997, ISBN 978-07-74-80613-8.
• (EN) Harvey Whitefield Scott e Leslie M. Scott, History of the Oregon country, Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1924, OCLC 6608313.
• (EN) Roberta Ulrich, Empty Nets: Indians, Dams, and the Columbia River, Oregon State University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-08-70-71188-6.

Pesca, anbiente e infrastruture

• (EN) Arthur C. Benke e Colbert E. Cushing, Rivers of North America, Elsevier, 2011, ISBN 978-00-80-45418-4.
• (EN) Anthony Netboy, The Columbia River Salmon and Steelhead Trout: Their Fight for Survival, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1981, ISBN 978-02-95-95768-5.
• (EN) National Research Council, Managing the Columbia River: Instream Flows, Water Withdrawals, and Salmon Survival, National Academies Press, 2004, ISBN 978-03-09-09155-8.
• (EN) Paul C. Pitzer, Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream, Washington State University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-08-74-22113-8.
• (EN) Richard N. Williams, Return to the River: Restoring Salmon Back to the Columbia River, Academic Press Inc, 2005, ISBN 978-01-20-88414-8.

Zeołòzega e zeogràfega

• (EN) Ellen Morris Bishop, In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History, Timber Press, 2006, ISBN 978-08-81-92789-4.
• (EN) Peter L. Stelling e David Samuel Tucker, Floods, Faults, and Fire: Geological Field Trips in Washington State and Southwest British Columbia, Geological Society of America, 2007, ISBN 978-08-13-70009-0.
• (EN) Cheri Dohnal, Columbia River Gorge: Natural Treasure On The Old Oregon Trail, Arcadia Publishing, 2003, ISBN 978-07-38-52432-0.
• (EN) Donald W. Meinig, The Great Columbia Plain: A Historical Geography, 1805-1910, 2ª ed., University of Washington Press, 2016, ISBN 978-02-95-80519-1.
• (EN) Ted Mueller, Fire, Faults, and Floods: A Road and Trail Guide Exploring the Origins of the Columbia River Basin, University of Idaho Press, 1997, ISBN 978-08-93-01206-9.