Jẹ́rmáníọ́mù

Germanium, ₃₂Ge

Germanium
Pípè	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ ​(jər-MAY-nee-əm)
Ìhànsójú	grayish white
Ìwúwo átọ̀mù Ar, std(Ge)	72.630(8)[1]
Germanium ní orí tábìlì àyè
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn gallium ← germanium → arsenic
Nọ́mbà átọ̀mù (Z)	32
Ẹgbẹ́	group 14 (carbon group)
Àyè	àyè 4
Àdìpọ̀	Àdìpọ̀-p
Ẹ̀ka ẹ́límẹ́ntì	Metalloid
Ìtò ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Iye ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù lórí ìpele kọ̀ọ̀kan	2, 8, 18, 4
Àwọn ohun ìní ara
Ìfarahàn at STP	solid
Ìgbà ìyọ́	1211.40 K ​(938.25 °C, ​1720.85 °F)
Ígbà ìhó	3106 K ​(2833 °C, ​5131 °F)
Kíki (near r.t.)	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4 −3, −2, −1, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 Àdàkọ:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of germanium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
Thermal conductivity	60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1  Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	Diamagnetic[3]
Young's modulus	103[4] GPa
Shear modulus	41[4] GPa
Bulk modulus	75[4] GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26[4]
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Number	7440-56-4
Main isotopes of germanium
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε - 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% 70Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε - 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% 72Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% 73Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% 74Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% 1.78×1021 y β−β− - 76Se
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