若集合上的二元关系满足以下条件:
- 自反性:
- 对称性:
- 传递性:
则称是一个定义在上的等价关系。习惯上会把等价关系的符号由改写为。
例如,设,定义上的关系如下:
其中叫做与模3同余,即除以3的余数与除以3的余数相等。例子有1R4, 2R5, 3R6。不难验证为上的等价关系。
并非所有的二元关系都是等价关系。一个简单的反例是比较两个数中哪个较大:
- 没有自反性:任何一个数不能比自身为较大()
- 没有对称性:如果,就肯定不能有
- 实数之间的"≥"关系满足自反性和传递性,但不满足对称性。例如,7 ≥ 5 无法推出 5 ≥ 7。它是一种全序关系。
- Brown, Ronald, 2006. Topology and Groupoids. Booksurge LLC. ISBN 1-4196-2722-8.
- Castellani, E., 2003, "Symmetry and equivalence" in Brading, Katherine, and E. Castellani, eds., Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections. Cambridge Univ. Press: 422-433.
- Robert Dilworth and Crawley, Peter, 1973. Algebraic Theory of Lattices. Prentice Hall. Chpt. 12 discusses how equivalence relations arise in lattice theory.
- Higgins, P.J., 1971. Categories and groupoids. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Van Nostrand. Downloadable since 2005 as a TAC Reprint.
- John Randolph Lucas, 1973. A Treatise on Time and Space. London: Methuen. Section 31.
- Rosen, Joseph (2008) Symmetry Rules: How Science and Nature are Founded on Symmetry. Springer-Verlag. Mostly chpts. 9,10.
- Raymond Wilder (1965) Introduction to the Foundations of Mathematics 2nd edition, Chapter 2-8: Axioms defining equivalence, pp 48–50, John Wiley & Sons.