凯斯·桑斯坦

凯斯·罗伯特·桑斯坦（英语：Cass Robert Sunstein，或译桑思汀^[1]，1954年9月21日—）^[2]，美国法律学者，他的专业领域为宪法、行政法、环境法以及法律经济行为。

凯斯·桑斯坦 Cass Sunstein
凯斯·桑斯坦，摄影于2008年
出生	凯斯·罗伯特·桑斯坦 (1954-09-21) 1954年9月21日（70岁）  美国马萨诸塞州康科德
教育程度	哈佛大学(文学士及法学博士)
机构	哈佛大学法学院 芝加哥大学法学院
政党	美国民主党
奖项	郝尔拜奖(2018年)
主要领域	宪法、行政法
著名思想	助推理论

生平

他曾在2009年至2012年之间担任奥巴马政府的白宫资讯及管制事务办公室主任^[3]，并曾任教于芝加哥大学法学院达27年之久；现在，桑斯坦为哈佛法学院的罗伯特·沃姆斯利讲座教授^[4]。^[5][6][1]

早年生活与教育

桑斯坦于1954年9月21日出生在马萨诸塞州沃班，父母分别是教师玛丽安（娘家姓古德里奇，Marian née Goodrich）与建筑商卡斯·理查德·桑斯坦（Cass Richard Sunstein），两人均为犹太人。^[2][7][8] 他曾表示，青少年时期曾短暂迷恋安·兰德（Ayn Rand）的著作，“但在大约六周的沉迷之后，她的书开始让我感到不适。她对大多数人类抱持轻蔑，对人性的脆弱毫不宽容，不断强调再分配的道德罪恶，让我产生了一种幽闭感。”^[9][10]

桑斯坦于 1972 年毕业于米德尔塞克斯中学（Middlesex School），之后进入哈佛大学就读，曾是校代表队壁球队成员，也是《哈佛笑话刊》的编辑之一。1975 年，他以优等荣誉（Magna Cum Laude）取得文学学士学位。随后，他进入哈佛法学院，担任《哈佛民权－公民自由法律评论》的执行编辑，并是艾姆斯模拟法庭竞赛的获胜队成员之一。1978 年，他以优等荣誉（Magna Cum Laude）取得法学博士（Juris Doctor）学位。

个人生活

在1980年代至1990年代初期，桑斯坦与 Lisa Ruddick 结婚，两人是在哈佛大学就读本科时相识的。^[11] Ruddick 曾任芝加哥大学英语副教授，专攻英国现代主义文学，现已退休。^[12] 他们的婚姻最终以离婚收场，女儿 Ellyn 是一名记者与摄影师。^[13] 此后，桑斯坦与玛莎·努斯鲍姆交往近十年。^[14] 努斯鲍姆是哲学家、古典学家，以及芝加哥大学法律学教授。^[15]

2008年7月4日，桑斯坦与萨曼莎·鲍尔结婚。鲍尔是一位外交官与政府官员，曾担任美国驻联合国大使，两人是在共同担任巴拉克·奥巴马竞选顾问时相识的。^[16] 婚礼在爱尔兰凯里郡沃特维尔的洛哈镇圣母无染原罪教堂举行。^[17] 他们育有两个孩子：一子（2009年出生）^[18] 和一女（2012年出生）。^[19]

桑斯坦还是一名热衷的业余壁球选手，曾在职业壁球协会（PSA）锦标赛中对战职业选手，^[20] 并于2017年在该协会的世界排名中位列第449名。^[21]

荣誉

2017年7月，桑斯坦当选为英国国家学术院通讯院士（FBA），该学术院是英国的人文与社会科学国家学院。^[22]

2018年，他因“重塑了我们对现代监管国家与宪法之间关系的理解”而获得霍尔堡奖。他被广泛认为是美国行政法领域的领军学者，并且是美国乃至全球被引用次数最多的法律学者。^[23]

著作

书籍

1990–1999

• Sunstein, Cass R. Feminism and Political Theory. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-226-78008-5. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Stone, Geoffrey R.; Epstein, Richard A. The Bill of Rights and the Modern State. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-226-77532-6. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sunstein, Cass R. After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-674-00909-7.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Partial Constitution. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-674-65478-5.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Democracy and the problem of free speech. New York: The Free Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-02-874000-3.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Legal Reasoning and Political Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-19-511804-9. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sunstein, Cass R. Free Markets and Social Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-19-510273-4.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Nussbaum, Martha C. Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies about Human Cloning. New York London: W.W. Norton. 1999. ISBN 978-0-393-32001-5. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sunstein, Cass R. One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-674-00579-2.

2000–2009

• Sunstein, Cass R.; Holmes, Stephen. The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes. New York London: W. W. Norton. 2000. ISBN 978-0-393-04670-0.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Behavioral Law and Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-66743-2.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Epstein, Richard A. The Vote: Bush, Gore & the Supreme Court. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-226-21307-1.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Designing Democracy: What Constitutions Do. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-514542-7.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-691-07025-4.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Hastie, Reid; Payne, John W.; Schkade, David; Viscusi, W. Kip. Punitive Damages: How Juries Decide. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-226-78015-3.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Cost-Benefit State: The Future of Regulatory Protection. Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association. 2002. ISBN 978-1-59031-054-0.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Risk and reason: Safety, law, and the environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-01625-4. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)

Translation: Sunstein, Cass R. Riesgo y razón. Seguridad, ley y medioambiente. Buenos Aires Madrid: Katz Editores. 2006. ISBN 978-84-609-8350-7 （西班牙语）.

• Sunstein, Cass R. Why Societies Need Dissent. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-674-01268-4. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Nussbaum, Martha. Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-530510-4.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-521-61512-9. (based on the Seeley Lectures 2004 at Cambridge University)

Translation: Sunstein, Cass R. Leyes de miedo: Más allá del principio de precaución. Buenos Aires Madrid: Katz Editores. 2009. ISBN 978-84-96859-61-6 （西班牙语）.

• Sunstein, Cass R. Radicals in Robes: Why Extreme Right-Wing Courts are Wrong for America. New York: Basic Books. 2005. ISBN 978-0-465-08327-5.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Second Bill of Rights: Franklin Delano Roosevelt's Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More Than Ever. New York: Basic Books. 2006. ISBN 978-0-465-08333-6.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-534067-9.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Schkade, David; Ellman, Lisa; Sawicki, Andres. Are Judges Political? An Empirical Investigation of the Federal Judiciary. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8157-8234-6.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Republic.com 2.0. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-691-13356-0.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Worst-Case Scenarios. Harvard: Harvard University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-674-03251-4. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Thaler, Richard. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7.

Translation: Un pequeño empujón. Barcelona: Taurus. 2009. ISBN 978-607-31-6206-7 （西班牙语）.

《推出你的影响力》^[24]

• Sunstein, Cass R. Going to Extremes: How Like Minds Unite and Divide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-975412-0.
• Sunstein, Cass R. On Rumors: How Falsehoods Spread, Why We Believe Them, What Can Be Done. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-691-16250-8.

2010 onwards

• Sunstein, Cass R. Law and Happiness. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-226-67600-5.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Breyer, Stephen G.; Stewart, Richard B.; Vermeule, Adrian; Herz, Michael. Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy: Problems, Text, and Cases 7th. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. 2011. ISBN 978-0-7355-8744-1.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Simpler: The Future of Government. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4767-2659-5.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Stone, Geoffrey R.; Seidman, Louis M.; Tushnet, Mark V.; Karlan, Pamela S. Constitutional Law 7th. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. 2013. ISBN 978-1-4548-1757-4.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Valuing Life: Humanizing the Regulatory State. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-226-78017-7.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Hastie, Reid. Wiser: Getting Beyond Groupthink to Make Groups Smarter. Harvard: Harvard Business Review Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4221-2299-0.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Why Nudge?: The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism (The Storrs Lectures Series). Yale University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-300-19786-0.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The World According to Star Wars. New York: Dey Street Books. 2016. ISBN 978-0-06-248422-2.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2016. ISBN 978-1-10-714070-7.
• Sunstein, Cass R. #Republic : divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-691-17551-5. OCLC 958799819. 含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Sunstein, Cass R. Human Agency and Behavioral Economics: Nudging Fast and Slow. Palgrave Advances in Behavioral Economics. 2017. ISBN 978-3-319-55806-6. OCLC 1049592088.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Impeachment: A Citizen's Guide. Harvard University Press. 2017. ISBN 978-0-674-98379-3.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Can It Happen Here?: Authoritarianism in America. HarperCollins. 2018. ISBN 978-0-06-269621-2 （英语）.
• Sunstein, Cass R. The Cost-Benefit Revolution. MIT Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-262-03814-0.
• Sunstein, Cass R. On Freedom. Princeton University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0-691-19115-7.
• Sunstein, Cass R. How Change Happens. MIT Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0-262-03957-4.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Conformity: The Power of Social Influences. NYU Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-4798-6783-7.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Vermeule, Adrian. Law and Leviathan: Redeeming the Administrative State. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 2020 （英语）.
• Kahneman, Daniel; Sibony, Olivier; Sunstein, Cass R. Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment. William Collins. 2021. ISBN 978-0-00-830899-5.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Sludge: What Stops Us from Getting Things Done and What to Do about It. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 2021 （英语）.
• Sunstein, Cass R. This Is Not Normal: The Politics of Everyday Expectations. Yale University Press. 2021. ISBN 978-0-300-25350-4.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Liars: Falsehoods and Free Speech in an Age of Deception. Oxford University Press. 2021. ISBN 978-0-19-754511-9.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Dhami, Sanjit. Bounded Rationality: Heuristics, Judgment, and Public Policy. MIT Press. 2022. ISBN 978-0-26-254370-5.
• Sunstein, Cass R. How to Interpret the Constitution. Princeton University Press. 2023. ISBN 9780691252049.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Decisions about Decisions: Practical Reason in Ordinary Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2023 （英语）.
• Sunstein, Cass R. How to Become Famous: Lost Einsteins, Forgotten Superstars, and How the Beatles Came to Be. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press. 2024 （英语）.
• Sharot, Tali; Sunstein, Cass R. Look Again: The Power of Noticing What Was Always There. Atria/One Signal. 2024. ISBN 978-1-6680-0820-1.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Campus Free Speech: A Pocket Guide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2024 （英语）.
• Sunstein, Cass R. Climate Justice: What Rich Nations Owe the World–And the Future. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2024 （英语）.
• Sunstein, Cass R.; Bar-Gill, Oren. Algorithmic Harm: Protecting People in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Oxford University Press. 2025. ISBN 978-0-19-777820-3 （英语）.

精选文章

• Sunstein, Cass R. Naked Preferences and the Constitution. Columbia Law Review. 1984, 84 (7): 1689–1732. JSTOR 1122446.
• —. Interest Groups in American Public Law. Stanford Law Review. 1985, 38 (1): 29–88. JSTOR 1228602.
• —. Lochner's Legacy. Columbia Law Review. 1987, 87 (5): 873–919. JSTOR 1122721.
• —. Constitutionalism After the New Deal. Harvard Law Review. 1987, 101 (2): 421–510. JSTOR 1341264.
• —. Beyond the Republican Revival. Yale Law Journal. 1988, 97 (8): 1539–90. JSTOR 796540.
• —. Interpreting Statutes in the Regulatory State. Harvard Law Review. 1989, 103 (2): 405–508. JSTOR 1341272.
• —. Law and Administration After Chevron. Columbia Law Review. 1990, 90 (8): 2071–2120. JSTOR 1122889.
• —. What's Standing After Lujan—Of Citizen Suits, Injuries, and Article III. Michigan Law Review. 1992, 91 (2): 163–236. JSTOR 1289685.
• —; Lessig, Lawrence. The President and the Administration. Columbia Law Review. 1994, 94 (1): 1–123. JSTOR 1123119.
• —. Problems with Rules. California Law Review. 1995, 83 (4): 953–1026. JSTOR 3480896.
• —. The Supreme Court, 1995 Term — Foreword: Leaving Things Undecided. Harvard Law Review. 1996, 110 (1): 4–101. JSTOR 1342006.
• —. On the Expressive Function of Law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 1996, 144 (5): 2021–54.
• —. Social Norms and Social Roles. Columbia Law Review. 1996, 96 (4): 903–68. JSTOR 1123430.
• —; Jolls, Christine; Thaler, Richard. A Behavioral Approach to Law and Economics. Stanford Law Review. 1998, 50 (5): 1471–1550. JSTOR 2381432.
• —. Nondelegation Canons. University of Chicago Law Review. 2000, 67 (2): 315–44. JSTOR 1600490.
• —; Thaler, Richard. Libertarian Paternalism Is Not an Oxymoron. University of Chicago Law Review. 2003, 70 (4): 1159–1202. JSTOR 1600573.
• —. Chevron Step Zero. Virginia Law Review. 2006, 92 (2): 187–250. JSTOR 4144979.
• —. The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs: Myths and Realities. Harvard Law Review. 2013, 126 (7): 1838–79. JSTOR 23415059.
• —; Vermeule, Adrian. The Morality of Administrative Law. Harvard Law Review. 2018, 131 (7): 1924–78. JSTOR 44865917.