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南岛语系人称代词
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南岛语系人称代词 (austronesian personal pronouns) 为说明不同的南岛语系人称代词表达法之代词系统。一般而言，南岛语系人称代词比其它语言复杂些；不过，其人称代词亦可作为格位标记使用。
原始南岛语
下列原始南岛语 (PAN) 及原始马来-波利尼西亚语族人称代词为白乐思2009年所重建。[1]
2006年，马尔康·罗斯(Malcolm Ross)也提出七种不同的人称代词类别。类别以原始南岛语(PAN)第1人称单数(我)为范例，如下列出。[2]
- 中性格 (e.g., PAN *i-aku)
- 主格 1 (比如，PAN *aku)
- 主格 2 (比如，PAN *=ku, *[S]aku)
- 宾格 (比如，PAN *i-ak-ən)
- 属格 1 (比如，PAN *=[a]ku)
- 属格 2 (比如，PAN *(=)m-aku)
- 属格 3 (比如，PAN *n-aku)
下列为罗斯2002年所提出之南岛语代词系统，包含五种类别，也涵盖一般式(free，比如：独立式或则非分离式)、一般敬语式( free polite)，及三种属格分类。
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台湾各南岛语言
下列鲁凯语主要参考自齐莎莉论文(Zeitoun 1997)。[3]李壬癸院士(2001)将鲁凯语分为几个分支如下：[4]
- 鲁凯语
- 万山 (Mantauran) 250–300人
- (主要分支)
- 马加–多纳
- 马加 (Maga)
- 多纳 (Tona)
- 雾台–大南(主要鲁凯语)
- 雾台 (Budai)
- 大南 (Tanan；亦称 Taromak)
- 马加–多纳
本邹语人称代词表参考自"齐莉莎"(Zeitoun 2005:265).[5]邹语人称代词分“附着格式”(bound)、“一般格式”(free/自由格式)两类。而代词附着格式前用连字号(-)注记。且人称代词也兼具有格位标记之功能。[6]台湾南岛语除邹语(主格及属格附着)及巴宰语、噶哈巫语等之外，绝大多数无第3人称(单复数)主格附着格式。第3人称分视界内(看得见/visible)，及视界外(看不见/non-visible)两类。
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巴宰语人称代名词参考自李壬癸院士(Li 2000)。[7](注意：第3人称<近/远/无>为"视界"(view)之表示法)
巴宰语人称代词不分性别。"字母(A)"代表"爱兰巴宰语"、在"巴宰语"项目上"字母(A)"会省略不用，"字母(K)"代表"四庄噶哈巫语"。而代词附着格式前用连字号(-)注记。
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噶哈巫语人称代词不分性别。"字母(A)"表示"爱兰巴宰语"，"字母(K)"表示"四庄噶哈巫语"。而代词附着格式前用连字号(-)注记。表内词语加上"角括号"(angle bracket)表示推测应存在的语词。第3人称的：近(视界内的近/on view/visible/here)、远(视界内的远/on view/visible/there)、无(视界外的很远/out of view/invisible/very far away)，如:复数中性格代词(yasia)表视界外的"他们"或"那些"。[8][9]
噶哈巫语人称代词不分性别。"字母(A)"代表"爱兰巴宰语"、在"巴宰语"项目上"字母(A)"会省略不用，"字母(K)"代表"四庄噶哈巫语"。而代词附着格式前用连字号(-)注记。
赛夏语人称代词系统参考自(Hsieh & Huang 2006:93).[10]
邵语人称代名词参考自白乐思(Blust 2003:207).[11]要注意的是复数第1人称排除式(除了属格为naam/nam)、第2人称，及第3人称的变化大抵相同。
下列费佛朗语参考自李壬癸院士论文(Li 2003:8)。所有的格式采用原型(free form)。属格代词加上后缀/-a/。
The Mayrinax and Wulai Atayal personal pronouns below are sourced from Huang (1995).[15]In both varieties, the nominative and genitive forms are bound while the neutral and locative ones are free (unbound).
赛德克语人称代词也兼具有格位标记之功能。台湾南岛语除邹语(主格附着)及巴宰语等之外，绝大多数无第3人称(单复数)主格附着格式。表中的"中性格"可当主格、属格、斜格(受格/宾语)，即中性格没有格位区分；类同于噶哈巫语人称代词中性格的用法。
The Siraya personal pronouns below are from Adelaar (1997).[16]
噶玛兰语人称代词系统参考自李壬癸院士(Li 2006:30)。[20]
巴赛语人称代词系统参考自李壬癸院士(Li 1999:639)。[21]
Takivatan Bunun personal pronoun roots are (De Busser 2009:453):[22]
- 1s: -ak-
- 2s: -su-
- 3s: -is-
- 1p (incl.): -at-
- 1p (excl.): -ðam-
- 2p: -(a)mu-
- 3p: -in-
The tables of Takivatan Bunun personal pronouns below are sourced from De Busser (2009:441).
郡社群布农语人称代词有些许的不同(De Busser 2009:454)。
The Kuɬaɬau Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982:14).
南王卑南语人称代词参考自(Teng 2008:61-64)。
巴丹语群达悟语人称代词本身会随着数、格（附着）及时态改变时而进行变格运作。表列人称代词分“附着格式”(bound)、“未来式”(future)，及“一般格式”(free/非未来式)。而代词附着格式前用连字号(-)注记。[24][25]台湾南岛语除邹语及噶哈巫语等之外，绝大多数无第3人称（单复数）主格附着格式。[26]不过属于马来-波利尼西亚语族的达悟语却有第三人称单复数主格附着格式的使用。[25]
菲律宾诸语言
Ilokano personal pronouns distinguish three cases: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. They also distinguish three numbers: singular, dual and plural.
Accent marks in the following table are not written, but given here for pronunciation purposes.
Like nouns, Tagalog personal pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect forms also function as the genitive.
同名词一样，宿务语人称代词是由格位来分类。
*The two sets of tag-iya case function similarly except that the primary tag-iya would need the unifying linker nga and the modifier tag-iya cannot be used as complementary adjective.
**The final syllable of a primary tag-iya pronoun is mostly dropped.
When the pronoun is not the first word of the sentence, the short form is more commonly used than the full form.
*When the object is a second person pronoun, use ta instead of ko.
马来-松巴哇语群
非正式代词aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami,及kita为马来语原有的.
- 物主代词
Aku, kamu, engkau, and ia have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table".
爪哇语非正式的人称代名词aku及kowe均来自南岛语。
Javanese lacks of personal pronouns. For first person plural, Javanese use awake dhewe that means "the body itself" (cf. Malay : badannya sendiri) or just dhewe, that originally means "itself" or "alone". For third person singular, Javanese use dheweke that means "itself" (cf. Malay : dirinya), from dhewe (self, alone) + -k-(as euphony) + -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic), or wonge (cf. Malay : orangnya) that means "the person", from wong (person)+ -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic, that is also used for demonstrative). The rest of plural pronouns uses words kabeh/ sedaya/ sedanten that all means "all" after the singular form.
Aku, kowe, and dheweke have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns : griyane kula, omahe awake dhewe, dalemipun panjenengan "my house (formal), our house (informal), your house (more formal)".
波利尼西亚诸语言
The Tongan cardinal pronouns are the main personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the verb, light colour) or postposed (after the verb, dark colour). The first are the normal subjective pronouns, the latter the stressed subjective pronouns, which sometimes implies reflexive pronouns, or with kia te in front the objective pronouns. (There are no possessions involved in the cardinal pronouns and therefore no subjective and objective forms to be considered).
Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of the speaker.
在正式的口语里面，语根的全形：<mā-、tā-，及 lā-> 为 <imā-、itā-，及 ilā->。
The a-class possessive pronouns refer to alienable possession, as with boats, children, clothing, and spouses. The o-class possessive pronouns refer to inalienable (incapable of being begun or ended) possession, as with parents and body parts.[35]
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