刺猬困境

刺猬困境（英语：Hedgehog's dilemma，又称豪猪困境、豪猪两难说）由德国哲学家阿图尔·叔本华于《附录与补遗（英语：Parerga and Paralipomena）》提出，是一个以刺猬来比喻人们在建立人际关系时的一种情境的寓言故事。一群刺猬在寒冷的天气时会想要靠近彼此来取暖，但是当两只刺猬碰在一起时，又会被彼此的刺所刺伤，因此彼此又要保持一段距离。虽然双方都想保持一个亲近的关系，但又无法不刺伤彼此。

一个欧洲刺猬

叔本华在《附录与补遗（英语：Parerga and Paralipomena）》（1851年）中提出了“刺猬困境”的概念

起源

“刺猬困境”的概念出自德国哲学家阿图尔·叔本华的《附录与补遗（英语：Parerga and Paralipomena）》 ，第2卷，第31章，第396节^[1]：

One cold winter's day, a number of porcupines huddled together quite closely in order through their mutual warmth to prevent themselves from being frozen. But they soon felt the effect of their quills on one another, which made them again move apart. Now when the need for warmth once more brought them together, the drawback of the quills was repeated so that they were tossed between two evils, until they had discovered the proper distance from which they could best tolerate one another. Thus the need for society which springs from the emptiness and monotony of men's lives, drives them together; but their many unpleasant and repulsive qualities and insufferable drawbacks once more drive them apart. The mean distance which they finally discover, and which enables them to endure being together, is politeness and good manners. Whoever does not keep to this, is told in England to 'keep his distance.' By virtue thereof, it is true that the need for mutual warmth will be only imperfectly satisfied, but on the other hand, the prick of the quills will not be felt. Yet whoever has a great deal of internal warmth of his own will prefer to keep away from society in order to avoid giving or receiving trouble or annoyance.[2]

在一个寒冷的冬日，为了避免冻僵，一群箭猪相拥在一起取暖。但很快，它们感受到了各自对方的硬刺。这让它们被迫分开。但当取暖的需要让它们的身体再度靠在一起，身上的硬刺又再次把它们扎痛了。这些箭猪就被这两种苦处反复折腾，直到它们终于找到一段恰好最能容忍对方的距离为止。所以，出自人的内在空虚和单调的社交需要把人们赶到了一块，但各人许多令人厌恶的素质和无法让人容忍的缺点又把人们分开了。人们最后找到的、可以让大家在一起的适中距离就是礼貌周到和文雅惯例。谁要是不保持这一距离，在英国人们就会冲他喊道：Keep your distance！（保持距离！）由于保持这一距离，虽然相互取暖的需求只是有欠完美地得到了满足，但大家也就不会受到硬刺的刺痛。谁要是自身拥有足够的热量，那他就更宁愿避开社交，既不给别人麻烦，也不会受到别人的烦扰。[3]

—由韦启昌翻译的中文版本

弗洛伊德

这个概念被奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德发现并引用后，“刺猬困境”进入了心理学领域。弗洛伊德在其1921年著作《群体心理学和自我分析》（德语：Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse）的脚注中引用了刺猬困境。弗洛伊德在谈到他1909年的美国之行时说：“我要去美国看野豪猪并做一些讲座”^[1]。

流行文化

日本电视动画《新世纪福音战士》的第四集《雨、逃出去之后》引用了这一概念^[4]。《今日心理学》的沃尔特·维特将豪猪困境概念的普及归因于该作品。^[5]