食果啄木鸟属

食果啄木鸟属，是啄木鸟科的一个属。该属包括24个种，其中大多数具有显眼的黑白条纹，夹杂红色与黄色。

食果啄木鸟属
红腹啄木鸟 (Melanerpes carolinus)
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
目：	啄木鸟目 Piciformes
科：	啄木鸟科 Picidae
亚科：	啄木鸟亚科 Picinae
属：	食果啄木鸟属 Melanerpes Swainson（英语：William Swainson）, 1832
模式种
红头啄木鸟[1] Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text

分类

1832年，Swainson（英语：William Swainson）首次引入食果啄木鸟属以归纳红头啄木鸟（学名：Melanerpes erythrocephalus）。^[2]食果啄木鸟属属于食果啄木鸟族，后者还包括吸汁啄木鸟属的北美吸汁啄木鸟和古巴绿啄木鸟属^{[注 1][3]}。

特征

食果啄木鸟属中的鸟类体格介于小和中等之间，仅分布于新大陆。其中部分物种是西印度群岛的特有种^{[注 2]}。one subspecies, the Grand Bahama West Indian woodpecker (M. superciliaris bahamensis) became extinct in the 1950s. The majority of the species are from Central and South America.^[4] Most species are boldly marked in black and white, with some areas of red and yellow.^[5] The beaks are long and pointed, and sometimes curved. The sexes differ in many species, both in colour and in size.^[4]

Some species such as the acorn woodpecker and the yellow-tufted woodpecker are sociable, foraging in groups, communicating vocally and nesting communally. These have complex breeding systems including some non-breeding adult helpers assisting in rearing the young. Like other woodpeckers, insects form a large part of the diet, being caught on the wing in some species, but fruit is also eaten in large quantities and some species consume 树液. They all nest in holes that they excavate in trees, and the red-crowned woodpecker and the Hoffmann's woodpecker are unusual in that they sometimes enter their holes backwards.^[5]

物种

该属其中包括了25个种类:^[6]

照片	中文译名	学名	主要分布
	白啄木	Melanerpes candidus	Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina.
	刘易氏啄木	Melanerpes lewis	western and central United States
	瓜德鲁普啄木	Melanerpes herminieri	Guadeloupe archipelago
	Puerto Rican woodpecker	Melanerpes portoricensis	Puerto Rico
	红头啄木鸟	Melanerpes erythrocephalus	southern Canada and the east-central United States.
	Acorn woodpecker	Melanerpes formicivorus	Oregon, California, and the southwestern United States, south through Central America to Colombia.
	Yellow-tufted woodpecker	Melanerpes cruentatus	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
	Yellow-fronted woodpecker	Melanerpes flavifrons	Brazil, Paraguay and far northeastern Argentina.
	Golden-naped woodpecker	Melanerpes chrysauchen	Costa Rica and western Panama
	Beautiful woodpecker	Melanerpes pulcher	Colombia.
	Black-cheeked woodpecker	Melanerpes pucherani	southeastern Mexico south to western Ecuador.
	白额啄木鸟	Melanerpes cactorum	Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
	Hispaniolan woodpecker	Melanerpes striatus	Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
	Jamaican woodpecker	Melanerpes radiolatus	Jamaica.
	Golden-cheeked woodpecker	Melanerpes chrysogenys	Mexico
	Grey-breasted woodpecker	Melanerpes hypopolius	southwestern Mexico.
	Yucatan woodpecker	Melanerpes pygmaeus	Belize and Mexico
	Red-crowned woodpecker	Melanerpes rubricapillus	Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and Tobago.
	Gila woodpecker	Melanerpes uropygialis	southwestern United States and western Mexico.
	Hoffmann's woodpecker	Melanerpes hoffmannii	southern Honduras south to Costa Rica
	金额啄木鸟	Melanerpes aurifrons	Texas and Oklahoma in the United States through Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and northern Nicaragua.
	Velasquez's woodpecker	Melanerpes santacruzi	southern Mexico and parts of Central America.
	红腹啄木鸟	Melanerpes carolinus	eastern United States
	大红腹啄木鸟	Melanerpes superciliaris	Bahamas, the Cayman Islands and Cuba.

• †Melanerpes shawi (extinct: Late Pleistocene)^[7]