海带目是褐藻纲之下一个目级的海藻分类单元,现时包括有约30个属[来源请求]。 这些海带生长于浅海海洋底下的海藻林:一种类似于陆地上森林的海洋植物群落,估计从中新世(即500到2300万年前)就已出现[3][与来源不符]。
分类
本目包括下列各科[4]:
- 厚岸藻科(Akkesiphycaceae)
- 翅藻科(Alariaceae)
- 绳藻科(Chordaceae)
- 多肋藻科(Costariaceae)
- 海带科(海带科)
- 巨藻科(Lessoniaceae)
- 拟绳藻科(Pseudochordaceae)
生长和繁殖
生长在分生组织基部发生。
海藻林
海带目聚集的地方会发展成被称为“海藻林”的海底森林,为最富有丰富生产力与多样性的地球生态系统[5][6]。较小片的海藻林又被称为海藻床。在挪威海岸,有接近5800平方千米的海岸就长满了海藻林[7][6],还为大量动物提及栖息地[8][9]。
海藻林分布于温带到极地地区的沿岸海域。[5]在2007年,于厄瓜多附近的热带海域也发现有海藻林分布。[10] 和热带的珊瑚礁一样,海藻林为许多生物提供生活环境,包括软体动物、甲壳动物、棘皮动物、鱼类及海洋哺乳动物等;同时也为人类提供生产力丰富的渔场。
商业用途
巨型海带由于其表面的树冠和在较深水域停留的生长习性,可以相当容易地收获。
目前尚未历史
保育
图库
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Macrocystis pyrifera in Monterey Bay Aquarium's 蒙特雷湾水族馆
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Scuba diver in kelp forest[翻译请求]
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Blue rockfish in kelp forest
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Anemone and seastar in kelp forest
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An underwater shot of a kelp forest
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A kelp forest
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A close up view of Ecklonia maxima, giant brown kelp
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Kelp found along the coast of La Jolla Shores
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Saccharina latissima in salad form, same also in canned form
知名物种
- Bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, a northwestern American species. Used by coastal 美洲原住民 to create 渔网s.
- Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, the largest seaweed. Found in the 太平洋 coast of 北美洲 and 南美洲.
- Kombu, Saccharina japonica (formerly Laminaria japonica) and others, several edible species of kelp found in 日本.
Species of Laminaria in the British Isles;
- Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux (Oarweed; Tangle)
- Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie (Curvie)
- Laminaria ochroleuca Bachelot de la Pylaie
- Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux (sea belt; sugar kelp; sugarwack)
Species of 海带属 worldwide, listing of species at AlgaeBase:[11]
- Laminaria agardhii (NE. 美洲)
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- Laminaria bongardina Postels et Ruprecht (Bering Sea to 加利福尼亚州)
- Laminaria cuneifolia (NE. America)
- Laminaria dentigera Klellm. (California - America)
- Laminaria digitata (NE. America)
- Laminaria ephemera Setchell (Sitka, Alaska, to Monterey County, California - America)
- Laminaria farlowii Setchell (Santa Cruz, California, to Baja California - America)
- Laminaria groenlandica (NE. America)
- Laminaria longicruris (NE. America)
- Laminaria nigripes (NE. America)
- Laminaria ontermedia (NE. America)
- Laminaria pallida Greville ex J. Agardh (南非)
- Laminaria platymeris (NE. America)
- Laminaria saccharina (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, synonym of Saccharina latissima (north east Atlantic Ocean, Barents Sea south to Galicia - Spain)
- Laminaria setchellii Silva (Aleutian Islands, Alaska to Baja California America)
- Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey ex Hooker f. ex Harvey) Farlow, Anderson et Eaton (Hope Island, British Columbia to Los Angeles, California - America)
- Laminaria solidungula (NE. America)
- Laminaria stenophylla (NE. America)
Other species in the 海带目 that may be considered as kelp:
- Alaria marginata Post. & Rupr. (Alaska and California - 美洲)
- Costaria costata (C.Ag.) Saunders (Japan; Alaska, California - America)
- Ecklonia brevipes J. Agardh (Australia; New Zealand)
- Ecklonia maxima (Osbeck) Papenfuss (South Africa)
- Ecklonia radiata (C.Agardh) J. Agardh (Australia; Tasmania; New Zealand; South Africa)
- Eisenia arborea Aresch. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Montrey, Santa Catalina Island, California - America)
- Egregia menziesii (Turn.) Aresch.
- Hedophyllum sessile (C.Ag.) Setch (Alaska, California - America)
- Macrocystis angustifolia Bory (Australia; Tasmania and South Africa)
- Pleurophycus gardneri Setch. & Saund. (Alaska, California - America)
- Pterygophora californica Rupr. (Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Bahia del Ropsario, Baja California and California - America)
Non-Laminariales species that may be considered as kelp:
与其他物种的互动
部分动物的名称或其英文名称以海带(Kelp)来命名,因为它们以海带为栖息地或食物。这些物种包括有:
- Northern kelp crab (Pugettia producta) and graceful kelp crab (Pugettia gracilis), Pacific coast of North America.
- 鳚亚目鱼类的英文名Kelpfish:包括有北美洲太平洋海岸的Heterosticbus rostratus及Gibbonsia属物种。
- 白草雁 (Chloephaga hybrida):栖息于南美洲及福克兰群岛
- 鞘嘴鸥科物种在英语的通称叫作Kelp pigeon,栖息于南极洲,只有白鞘嘴鸥(Chionis alba)和黑脸鞘嘴鸥(Chionis minor)两个物种。
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