湿婆教

湿婆主义（梵语：शैवसम्प्रदायः，罗马化：Śaivasampradāyaḥa；英语：Shaivism，/ˈʃaɪvɪzəm/）是崇奉湿婆的印度教主要传统^[1][2][3]。作为规模最大的印度教教派之一^[4][5]，它融合了许多次传统，从二元对立有神论（如Shaiva Siddhanta）到瑜伽导向的一元无神论（如克什米尔湿婆主义，英语：Kashmir Shaivism）^[6][7][8]。它包含吠陀经和Agama文本为重要理论来源。^[9][10][11]

湿婆主义发展为前吠陀宗教和传统的混合体，源自南部泰米尔人Shaiva Siddhanta传统和哲学，并被非吠陀湿婆传统同化。^[12] 在梵化和印度教形成的过程中，从公元前最后几个世纪开始，这些前吠陀传统与吠陀神楼陀罗和其他吠陀神祇被并列在一起。^[2][12]

湿婆主义在公元第一个千年开始流行，成为许多印度教王国的主导宗教传统。^[2] 它到达东南亚，导致在印尼群岛以及柬埔寨和越南等地区建造数千座湿婆寺庙，与这些地区的佛教共同发展。^[8][13]

湿婆神学范围广泛，从湿婆是创造者、保护者和毁灭者，到与自己和每个生物体内的“我”相等。它与沙克提主义以及一些在湿婆神庙和沙克提神庙中的湿婆崇拜密切相关。^[8] 它在各印度教传统中最接受禁欲生活并强调瑜伽，又如其他印度教传统一样，鼓励个人发现自己内在的湿婆，并与其合而为一。^[6][7][14]

参考资料

1. Bisschop, Peter C. From Mantramārga Back to Atimārga: Atimārga as a Self-referential Term. Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions. Brill. 2020-07-28: 15–32. ISBN 978-90-04-43280-2 （英语）.
2. Shaivism. obo. [2024-08-05] （英语）.
3. Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (first ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
4. Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J. The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. 2013: 400 [10 March 2017]. ISBN 9781118323038. （原始内容存档于9 December 2019）.
5. Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5 （英语）.
6. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
7. Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7, pages 16–19
8. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). "The Śaiva Traditions". The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405132510.
9. David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48234-9, page 116
10. Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes
11. Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8, pages 43–44
12. Chakravarti, Mahadev (1986), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages (first ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
13. Gonda, Jan. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions, Religionen. BRILL. 1975-01-01. ISBN 978-90-04-04330-5 （英语）.
14. Basics of Hinduism. www.himalayanacademy.com. [2024-08-05].