犹太教四大圣城

犹太教四大圣城（希伯来语：ארבע ערי הקודש‎, 意第绪语：פיר רוס שטעט‎）是16世纪奥斯曼帝国征服巴勒斯坦之后犹太人对于犹太教义中心的四座主要城市的合称，包含耶路撒冷、希伯仑、采法特和提比里亚四城。“圣城”这一称谓可以追溯至16世纪40年代，当时在犹太人的语境中指代的是耶路撒冷、希伯仑、采法特三座城市，提比里亚则在稍晚的17世纪40年代才被列入这一范畴。^[1]

由来

根据1906年《犹太百科全书》记载：“自16世纪开始，圣地的神圣性……基本上均是指代四座城市——耶路撒冷、希伯仑、提比里亚和采法特。”^[2]

耶路撒冷：从公元前10世纪被大卫王挑选为所罗门圣殿的所在地以来，耶路撒冷便一直是犹太人的至圣之城，也是犹太教的精神中心。^[3]如今，耶路撒冷是以色列国立法认定的“永远的和不可分割的首都”。^[4]
希伯仑：犹太人先祖（英语：Patriarchs (Bible)）亚伯拉罕、撒拉、以撒、利百加、雅各、利亚皆埋葬于此地。对于传统的犹太人而言，希伯仑历来是除耶路撒冷之外最为神圣的城市。希伯来圣经记载，希伯仑是先人购买土地的三城（亚伯拉罕从赫人处购买希伯仑东方的田和洞；大卫王从耶布斯人亚劳拿处购买耶路撒冷的禾场；雅各从哈抹的子孙处购买示剑城墙外的土地）之一。历史上，希伯仑还是大卫王统治时期最早的都城。
采法特：公元1492年，完成收复失地运动之后的西班牙帝国颁布驱逐犹太人的阿兰布拉宫诏书。随即，采法特收纳了大量从西方涌来的西班牙犹太人，并被视为神圣之城。另外，采法特也以卡巴拉学识中心而闻名。
提比里亚：作为耶路撒冷犹太法典（英语：Jerusalem Talmud）的编纂地以及马所拉文士的中心，提比里亚在犹太人历史上有着显著意义，但其成为“圣城”缘于诸多犹太拉比于此地的汇聚，到18至19世纪，提比里亚已然成为犹太学术中心。根据犹太传统认为，救赎会将临于提比里亚，犹太公会也会在此重建，而弥赛亚将在提比里亚的湖中崛起，并在采法特的高山之巅加冕为王。^[5]^[6]

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参考资料

[1]
Wigoder, Geoffrey (编). The Encyclopedia of Judaism. Macmillan: 768. 1989. Term applied to the Erets Israel cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. These were the four main centers of Jewish life after the Ottoman conquest of 1516. The concept of the holy cities dates only from the 1640s, when the Jewish communities of Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed organized an association to improve the system of fundraising in the Diaspora. Previously, such fundraising had been undertaken by individual institutions; now it was agreed that the emissaries would be sent on behalf of each urban Jewish community as a whole, with not more than one emissary per town. After Tiberias was refounded in 1740, it also joined the association. This arrangement did not last long, however, and by the mid-19th century there was no authority strong enough to enforce a centralized collection of ḥalukkah funds. The term "Four Holy Cities" became a convenient designation by historians rather than the title of an actual functioning body. In Jewish tradition, going back to ancient times, the only city regarded as holy is Jerusalem
[2]
Palestine, Holiness Of （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Joseph Jacobs, Judah David Eisenstein. Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.
[3]
Why Do Jews Love Jerusalem? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Yeruchem Eilfort. Chabad.org/ Ideas & Beliefs/Questions & Answers/Mitzvot & Jewish Customs
[4]
耶路撒冷地位. 以色列外交部. 1999-03-14 [2007-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-02）.
[5]
Dov Noy; Dan Ben-Amos; Ellen Frankel. Folktales of the Jews: Tales from the Sephardic dispersion. Jewish Publication Society. November 2006: 66 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-8276-0829-0. （原始内容存档于2019-01-06）.
[6]
Henry W. Bellows. The Old World in Its New Face: Impressions of Europe in 1867-1868, Volume II. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 337 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-559-64379-8.

[EOJ-1] [1]
Wigoder, Geoffrey (编). The Encyclopedia of Judaism. Macmillan: 768. 1989. Term applied to the Erets Israel cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed and Tiberias. These were the four main centers of Jewish life after the Ottoman conquest of 1516. The concept of the holy cities dates only from the 1640s, when the Jewish communities of Jerusalem, Hebron, and Safed organized an association to improve the system of fundraising in the Diaspora. Previously, such fundraising had been undertaken by individual institutions; now it was agreed that the emissaries would be sent on behalf of each urban Jewish community as a whole, with not more than one emissary per town. After Tiberias was refounded in 1740, it also joined the association. This arrangement did not last long, however, and by the mid-19th century there was no authority strong enough to enforce a centralized collection of ḥalukkah funds. The term "Four Holy Cities" became a convenient designation by historians rather than the title of an actual functioning body. In Jewish tradition, going back to ancient times, the only city regarded as holy is Jerusalem

[2] [2]
Palestine, Holiness Of （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Joseph Jacobs, Judah David Eisenstein. Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 ed.

[3] [3]
Why Do Jews Love Jerusalem? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Yeruchem Eilfort. Chabad.org/ Ideas & Beliefs/Questions & Answers/Mitzvot & Jewish Customs

[4] [4]
耶路撒冷地位. 以色列外交部. 1999-03-14 [2007-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-02）.

[NoyBen-Amos2006-5] [5]
Dov Noy; Dan Ben-Amos; Ellen Frankel. Folktales of the Jews: Tales from the Sephardic dispersion. Jewish Publication Society. November 2006: 66 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-8276-0829-0. （原始内容存档于2019-01-06）.

[Bellows2008-6] [6]
Henry W. Bellows. The Old World in Its New Face: Impressions of Europe in 1867-1868, Volume II. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 337 [17 October 2010]. ISBN 978-0-559-64379-8.

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