骨炭

骨炭（Bone char），或称骨黑（Bone black），是将动物的骨头炭化（charring（英语：charring））后所得到的炭，为多孔隙物质。其主要成分包括了磷酸钙（或羟磷灰石）57-80%、碳酸钙 6-10%，与活性炭 7-10%.^[1]

制程

动物性骨骼经由摄氏700度裂解之后，可以得到骨炭与骨油（英语：Dippel's oil）。骨骼若在富氧环境下燃烧，则会变成骨灰。骨炭一般原料采用牛骨，但颅骨与脊椎不会被使用，以避免散播克雅二氏病。^[2]

应用

水处理

虽然骨炭具有的表面积较活性炭为低，但足以吸附如12族元素，包括铜、锌、镉等重金属。^[3]目前亦有研究将骨炭用于铅^[4]与砷^[5]之吸附与移除。

由于含有磷酸钙，骨炭亦可移除水中的氟化物^[6]与金属离子，是目前已知最早用于除去水中氟化物的方法，并曾广泛使用于1940年代至1960年代的美国。^[7]也由于骨炭原料取得容易且生产方式简单，部分开发中国家如坦桑尼亚等均仍在使用骨炭。^[8]

制糖

在制糖业上，骨炭可用来脱色与去灰分。骨炭因为其单位脱色能力较低，因此在使用时都需投入大量的骨炭以达到效果。^[9]在美国与欧洲，由于经济效益与素食客群和部分宗教教义之考量，因此骨炭已较少于使用在制糖业中。

除此之外，骨炭亦能去除有机杂质，尤其是硫酸盐、镁、钙，有利于减少后续制程中的积垢。^[10]

美术

骨炭可作为颜料，称为黑色九号颜料（Pigment black 9）。林布兰、维拉斯奎兹、马内，与毕卡索等人都使用过骨炭于他们的作品上。^[11]^[12]

参考资料

[1]
Fawell, John. Fluoride in drinking-water 1st published. Geneva: WHO. 2006: 47. ISBN 9241563192.
[2]
"Dirty Jobs: Episode Guide". [2016-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-08）.
[3]
Ko, Danny C.K.; Porter, John F.; McKay, Gordon. Optimised correlations for the fixed-bed adsorption of metal ions on bone char. Chemical Engineering Science. December 2000, 55 (23): 5819–5829. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00416-4.
[4]
Deydier, Eric; Guilet, Richard; Sharrock, Patrick. Beneficial use of meat and bone meal combustion residue: "an efficient low cost material to remove lead from aqueous effluent". Journal of Hazardous Materials. July 2003, 101 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00137-7.
[5]
Chen, Yun-Nen; Chai, Li-Yuan; Shu, Yu-De. Study of arsenic(V) adsorption on bone char from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials. December 2008, 160 (1): 168–172. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.120.
[6]
Medellin-Castillo, Nahum A.; Leyva-Ramos, Roberto; Ocampo-Perez, Raul; Garcia de la Cruz, Ramon F.; Aragon-Piña, Antonio; Martinez-Rosales, Jose M.; Guerrero-Coronado, Rosa M.; Fuentes-Rubio, Laura. Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. December 2007, 46 (26): 9205–9212. doi:10.1021/ie070023n.
[7]
Horowitz, HS; Maier, FJ; Law, FE. Partial defluoridation of a community water supply and dental fluorosis.. Public health reports. Nov 1967, 82 (11): 965–72. PMC 1920070 . PMID 4964678. doi:10.2307/4593174.
[8]
Mjengera, H.; Mkongo, G. Appropriate deflouridation technology for use in flourotic areas in Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. January 2003, 28 (20-27): 1097–1104. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.030.
[9]
Asadi, Mosen. Beet-Sugar Handbook.. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 333. ISBN 9780471790983.
[10]
Chou, ed. by Chung Chi. Handbook of sugar refining : a manual for the design and operation of sugar refining facilities. New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. 2000: 368–369. ISBN 9780471183570.
[11]
Bomford D, Kirby J, Leighton, J., Roy A., Art in the Making: Impressionism. National Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 112-119
[12]
Édouard Manet, 'Music in the Tuileries Gardens' （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ColourLex

参见

[1] [1]
Fawell, John. Fluoride in drinking-water 1st published. Geneva: WHO. 2006: 47. ISBN 9241563192.

[Dirty_Jobs:_Episode_Guide-2] [2]
"Dirty Jobs: Episode Guide". [2016-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2011-12-08）.

[3] [3]
Ko, Danny C.K.; Porter, John F.; McKay, Gordon. Optimised correlations for the fixed-bed adsorption of metal ions on bone char. Chemical Engineering Science. December 2000, 55 (23): 5819–5829. doi:10.1016/S0009-2509(00)00416-4.

[4] [4]
Deydier, Eric; Guilet, Richard; Sharrock, Patrick. Beneficial use of meat and bone meal combustion residue: "an efficient low cost material to remove lead from aqueous effluent". Journal of Hazardous Materials. July 2003, 101 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00137-7.

[5] [5]
Chen, Yun-Nen; Chai, Li-Yuan; Shu, Yu-De. Study of arsenic(V) adsorption on bone char from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials. December 2008, 160 (1): 168–172. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.120.

[6] [6]
Medellin-Castillo, Nahum A.; Leyva-Ramos, Roberto; Ocampo-Perez, Raul; Garcia de la Cruz, Ramon F.; Aragon-Piña, Antonio; Martinez-Rosales, Jose M.; Guerrero-Coronado, Rosa M.; Fuentes-Rubio, Laura. Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. December 2007, 46 (26): 9205–9212. doi:10.1021/ie070023n.

[7] [7]
Horowitz, HS; Maier, FJ; Law, FE. Partial defluoridation of a community water supply and dental fluorosis.. Public health reports. Nov 1967, 82 (11): 965–72. PMC 1920070 . PMID 4964678. doi:10.2307/4593174.

[8] [8]
Mjengera, H.; Mkongo, G. Appropriate deflouridation technology for use in flourotic areas in Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. January 2003, 28 (20-27): 1097–1104. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.030.

[9] [9]
Asadi, Mosen. Beet-Sugar Handbook.. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2006: 333. ISBN 9780471790983.

[10] [10]
Chou, ed. by Chung Chi. Handbook of sugar refining : a manual for the design and operation of sugar refining facilities. New York, NY [u.a.]: Wiley. 2000: 368–369. ISBN 9780471183570.

[11] [11]
Bomford D, Kirby J, Leighton, J., Roy A., Art in the Making: Impressionism. National Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 112-119

[12] [12]
Édouard Manet, 'Music in the Tuileries Gardens' （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ColourLex

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