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内视现象

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内视现象Entoptic phenomenon)是一种由人眼本身的内部造成的视觉效果。(有时也称为entopic phenomenon ,可能是印刷错误。)

亥姆霍兹话来说:“在合适的条件下,落在眼睛上的光线可能致使我们得以看见眼睛内的某些物体。这些知觉称为“内视”(entoptical)。”

概述

内视影像所投射在视网膜上的影像有其物理基础,这与由视觉系统引起的视错觉不同,视错觉的特点是视知觉似乎与现实不同。内视影像则是由观察者自己眼睛内部的现象引起的,这种影像与视错觉和幻觉有个共同之处,观察者都无法与其他人分享对于这种现象的直接和特定的观点。

亥姆霍兹[1]说明了某些观察者可轻易看见而其他人却完全看不到的内视现象。这种差异不足为奇,因为产生这些影像的眼睛,在具体的层面上对每个人来说都是独一无二的。由于个体之间有所差异,加上两个观察者无法共享一个几乎相同的刺激,所以这些现象与大多数视觉感觉不同,也不同于大多数借由观察共同刺激所产生的视错觉。不过主要的内视现象之间有充足的共性,现在已能令人满意地解释其物理成因。

例子

内视效应的一些例子包括:

参见

参考文献

  • Jan E. Purkyně, 1823: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Sehens in subjectiver Hinsicht in Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne, In Commission der J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Prag.
  • H. von Helmholtz, Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik, published as "Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, Translated from the Third German Edition," ed. James P. C. Southall; 1925; The Optical Society of America.
  • Leonard Zusne, 1990: Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking; Lea; ISBN 0-8058-0508-7 [2]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Becker, O., 1860, “Über Wahrnehmung eines Reflexbildes im eigenen Auge [About perception of a reflected image in your own eye],” Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, pp. 670 672 & 684 688.
  • M. Tscherning, 1920, Physiologic Optics; Third Edition, (English translation by C. Weiland). Philadelphia: Keystone Publishing Co. pp. 55–56.
  • White, Harvey E., and Levatin, Paul, 1962, "'Floaters' in the eye," Scientific American, Vol. 206, No. 6, June, 1962, pp. 199 127.
  • Duke Elder, W. S. (ed.), 1962, System of Ophthalmology, Volume 7, The Foundations of Ophthalmology: heredity pathology diagnosis and therapeutics, St. Louis, The C.V. Mosby Company. p450.
  • Snodderly, D.M., Weinhaus, R.S., & Choi, J.C. (1992). Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of Macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Neuroscience, 12(4), 1169-1193. Available online at: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/12/4/1169.pdf.
  • Sinclair, S.H., Azar-Cavanagh, M., Soper, K.A., Tuma, R.F., & Mayrovitz, H.N. (1989). Investigation of the source of the blue field entoptic phenomenon. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 30(4), 668-673. Available online at: http://www.iovs.org/页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  • Giles Skey Brindley, Physiology of the Retina and Visual Pathway, 2nd ed. (Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1970), pp. 140–141.
  • Bill Reid, “Haidinger's brush,” Physics Teacher, Vol. 28, p. 598 (Dec. 1990).
  • Walker, J., 1984, “How to stop a spinning object by humming and perceive curious blue arcs around the light,” Scientific American, February, Vol. 250, No. 2, pp. 136 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148.
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