纯种马

纯种马（英语：Thoroughbred）是一种为了赛马而刻意培育出来的马的品种。虽然广义的“纯种马”也可以指任何同一品种交配所生的马，但在育马和赛马中所称的“纯种马”一般只指这一种在英国人工培育的马种。

日本的纯种赛马

纯种马的血统诞生于17世纪至18世纪的英国，由英国当地的牝马与阿拉伯种的种马配种而成。所有现代纯种马的血统都可以追溯到17和18世纪最初进口到英国的三匹种马，以及更多的主要由英国人饲养的基础牝马。在18和19世纪，纯血马的品种遍及世界各地；它们从1730年开始被引进北美，并在19世纪进入澳大利亚、欧洲、日本和南美。

四百年间经过不断的配种人为的淘汰，使得纯种马成为最适合用于竞速的品种，一匹健康的纯种马可以在背负50公斤的情况下以60~70km/h的速度奔跑数分钟。目前全世界每年约生产11万头的纯种马，主要用于赛马以及马术竞技，世界上纯种马的主要生产国有英国、爱尔兰、法国、美国、加拿大、澳洲、纽西兰以及日本。

特征

目前纯种马的平均高度约为160~170公分之间，体重从450~500公斤之间。与其他品种的马比起来纯种马头部较小且轮廓分明，颈部与四肢较长，胸部与臀部的肌肉也比较发达。常见的毛色有枣色、栗色、棕色与灰色，一般常说的白马其实大多数都是灰马，真正的白马是患有白化症的白子，且其成功诞生之机率只有1/4，（因白子化基因对纯血马而言是百分之七十五的致死基因）因此相当稀有。

历史

达利阿拉伯（Darley Arabian），纯种马的三个传统基础父系之一

目前世界上所有的纯种马的血统都可以追溯到17世纪至18世纪时的英国，根据育马大全（英语：General Stud Book）（General Stud Book）记载，英国从中东引进102匹阿拉伯马，巴布马及土耳其马等的东方种马与英国当地的牝马配种，生产出第一代纯种马。

四百年间经过育马者不断的人为的淘汰，现今的纯种马直系父线都可追溯到三头种马（三大始祖），分别是拜耶尔土耳其 （1680年左右）、达利阿拉伯 （1704年）与高多芬阿拉伯 （1729年），近年来的研究发现全世界约有95%的纯种马直系父线都是源自达利阿拉伯的血统，赛马史上有名的大种马日蚀就是达利阿拉伯的玄孙。

其他著名的东方种马包括圣维特巴布（St. Victor Barb），却云枣巴布（Curwen's Bay Barb），艾阁阿拉伯（Alcock Arabian），费法斯摩洛哥巴布（Fairfax Morocco Barb），布朗洛土耳其（Brownlow Turk），达历黄土耳其（Darcy's Yellow Turk），李斯特土耳其（Lister Turk），及列斯阿拉伯（Leedes Arabian），虽然它们直系父线已被淘汰，但仍可在母线中找到其血统。而近年来的研究发现，如用父母线所有祖先血统分析，原来现代纯种马有24%来自高多芬阿拉伯 ，比11%的达利阿拉伯还要多。

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外部链接

• 香港赛马会 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Jockey Club (UK) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The Jockey Club (USA) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Thoroughbred Bloodlines （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Australian Stud Book （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Royal Ascot Bloodline Interactive Tool （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）