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候選門級輻射類群

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候选门级辐射类群
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候選門級輻射類群(英語:candidate phyla radiation,簡稱CPR group)是細菌的一個演化輻射分支,其中的物種大多數尚未被培養,只能從宏基因組單細胞測序得知其存在。由於它們的體積只有納米級,與其他細菌相比極為微小,因而也被稱為「納米細菌」(英語:nanobacteria納米細菌也可以指一類曾被認為是細菌的納米級大小的礦物,二者沒有直接關係)或「超小細菌」(英語:ultra-small bacteria)。

事实速览 候選門級輻射類群, 科學分類 ...

在研究早期(2016年前後),候選門級輻射類群被認為可能含有70多個,代表了細菌中15%的門級多樣性,[1]然而,根據基於相對演化分歧的基因組分類數據庫英語Genome Taxonomy Database(GTDB),認為它只是一個單一的門,[2]早期的高估是源於核糖體蛋白的快速進化。[3]通常來說,候選門級輻射類群的細菌基因組較小,缺少幾種生物合成途徑以及核糖體蛋白。因此人們猜測它是專性共生生物。[4][5]

早期研究中,學者將現屬於本類群的幾個門歸類為一個超門,命名為Patescibacteria[6]因此,這個名稱也被視為候選門級輻射類群的一個異名[7]現在GTDB中仍在使用這個名稱,因為本類群在該數據庫中被視為一個門。[2]

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特徵

儘管有一些例外,本類群的成員基本上缺少一些氨基酸核苷酸生物合成通路。目前為止,沒有基因組證據可以證明它們能產生一些細胞套膜英語Cell envelope形成時必須的脂質。[5]此外,它們往往還缺乏完整的三羧酸循環電子傳遞鏈複合體,包括三磷酸腺苷合酶。這些通路在大多數自由生活的原核生物中廣泛存在,該類群缺少這些通路可能說明該類群可能主要由專性發酵共生生物組成。[8]

本類群的成員一般難以培養,因此在依賴培養的研究方法中會被遺漏。此外,它們有一些獨特的核糖體特徵,因此在依賴16S rRNA的研究中也會被遺漏。它們的rRNA基因似乎負責編碼蛋白質,並且含有自我剪接內含子英語Group_I_catalytic_intron,這些特徵在細菌中很少見,不過之前也有發現過。[9]由於這些內含子,本類群的成員在16S rRNA的研究中無法被檢測到;此外,所有成員都缺乏L30核糖體蛋白質英語60S ribosomal protein L7,這是一種在營共生生活的細菌中常見的特徵。[8]

它們的許多特徵與DPANN英語DPANN古菌相似或類似。[5]

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進化

Thumb
2016年的一個基於核糖體蛋白的生命之樹。[4]
Thumb
基於核糖體蛋白和RNA聚合酶亞基的細菌和古細菌的系統發育[10]

早期的一些基於核糖體蛋白和蛋白家族的系統發育研究認為候選門級輻射類群是細菌中最早分化的譜系,以下是各個門(正常字體)和超門(粗體)之間的系統發育關係:[4][5]

細菌域(Bacteria)

其它細菌類群

候選門級輻射
類群
CPR

Wirthbacteria

Dojkabacteria

Katanobacteria

Microgenomates

Berkelbacteria

解糖微小寄生菌門(Saccharibacteria)

Peregrinibacteria

Absconditabacteria

Gracilibacteria

Parcubacteria

然而,一些最近的研究認為,候選門級輻射類群屬於大地菌類,與綠彎菌門關係較近,[10][11][12]根據這些研究,候選門級輻射類群與相關細菌類群的進化關係如下:

細菌域(Bacteria)

薄壁菌門(Gracilicutes)

大地菌(Terrabacteria)

DST

藍菌/黑水仙菌(Cyanobacteria/Melainabacteria)

芽孢桿菌門(Bacillota)及軟壁菌門(Mycoplasmatota)

放線菌門(Actinomycetota)

裝甲菌門(Armatimonadota)

Eremiobacteraeota

候選門級輻射類群CPR

Dormibacteraeota

綠彎菌門(Chloroflexota)

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臨時分類

根據{{tsl|en|International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes|國際原核生物命名規約]],原核生物類群必須有純培養物才能獲得正式名稱,而候選門級輻射類群的絕大多數物種無法滿足這個資格。然而,一些臨時名稱或候選名稱英語Candidatus已經得到公認。[6][13]到2017年為止,本類群下有Parcubacteria和Microgenomates兩個超門得到承認。[1]候選門級輻射類群下的門包括:

Patescibacteria的系統發育[14][15][16]

"Wirthbacteria" (CG2-30-54-11)

"Microgenomates"

"Dojkabacteria"

"Katanobacteria" (WWE3)

"Microgenomatia"

cluster
"Saccharibacteria"

"Berkelbacteria" (UBA1384)

"Kazanbacteria" (Kazan)

"Howlettbacteria" (CPR2) [與來源不符]

"Saccharimonadia"

cluster
"Gracilibacteria"

"Absconditabacteria" (JAEDAM01)

"Gracilibacteria"

cluster
"Parcubacteria"

"Doudnabacteria"

"Andersenbacteria"

"Torokbacteria" (GCA-2792135)

ABY1

"Paceibacteria"

cluster
Microgenomatia的系統發育[14][15][16]

"Woykebacterales" (CG2-30-54-11)

"Curtissbacterales"

"Daviesbacterales"

"Roizmanbacterales" (UBA1406)

"Gottesmanbacterales" (UBA10105)

"Levybacterales"

GWA2‑44‑7

"Amesbacteraceae"

"Blackburnbacteraceae" (UBA10165)

"Woesebacteraceae" (UBA8517)

"Shapirobacterales" (UBA12405)

"Chazhemtobacteriales"

"Beckwithbacteraceae" (CG1-02-47-37)

"Collierbacteraceae" (UBA12108)

"Chazhemtonibacteraceae"

"Chisholmbacteraceae"

"Cerribacteraceae" (UBA12028)

"Pacebacteraceae" (PJMF01)

Gracilibacteria的系統發育[14][15][16]
"Absconditabacteria"

"Ca. Altimarinus" {BD1-5: UBA6164}

"Absconditicoccaceae" {"Absconditabacterales"}

"Gracilibacteria"

"Abawacabacteriales" (RBG-16-42-10)

"Peregrinibacterales" (UBA1369)

"Fallacibacteriales" (UBA4473)

"Peribacterales"

ABY1的系統發育[14][15][16]

"Kerfeldbacterales" (SBBC01)

"Jacksonbacterales" (UBA9629)

"Komeilibacterales" (UBA1558)

"Kuenenbacterales" (UBA2196)

"Veblenbacterales"

"Magasanikbacterales"

"Uhrbacterales" (SG8-24)

"Buchananbacterales"

"Falkowbacterales" (BM507)

"Moisslbacterales" (UBA2591)

Paceibacteria的系統發育[14][15][16]

"Moranbacterales"

UBA6257

"Brennerbacteraceae"

"Jorgensenbacteraceae" (GWB1-50-10)

"Wolfebacteraceae" (UBA9933)

"Colwellbacteraceae" (UBA9933)

"Harrisonbacteraceae" (WO2-44-18)

"Liptonbacteraceae" (2-01-FULL-56-20)

"Spechtbacterales"

"Terrybacterales"

"Parcunitrobacterales" (GWA2-38-13b)

"Portnoybacterales"

"Paceibacterales"

"Wildermuthbacteraceae" (UBA10102)

"Gribaldobacteraceae" (CG1-02-41-26)

"Paceibacteraceae" ("Parcubacteria")

"Nealsonbacteraceae" (PWPS01)

"Staskawiczbacteraceae"

"Azambacterales" (UBA10092)

"Yanofskybacterales" (2-02-FULL-40-12)

"Sungbacterales"

"Ryanbacterales"

"Giovannonibacterales" (UBA11713)

"Niyogibacterales" (HO2-45-28)

"Tagabacterales"

UBA9983

"Vogelbacteraceae" (XYD1-FULL-46-19)

"Yonathbacteraceae" (UBA1539)

"Nomurabacteraceae" (UBA9973)

"Adlerbacteraceae" (SBAW01)

"Kaiserbacteraceae" (UBA2163)

"Campbellbacteraceae" (UBA12079)

"Taylorbacteraceae" (PALSA-1337)

"Zambryskibacteraceae"

  • ?"Elulimicrobiota" Rodriguez-R et al. 2020
  • Clade "Patescibacteria" Rinke et al. 2013
    • "Wirthbacteria" Hug et al. 2016
    • Microgenomates Cluster
      • "Dojkabacteria" Wrighton et al. 2016 (WS6)
      • "Katanobacteria" Hug et al. 2016b (WWE3)
      • Superphylum Microgenomates
        • "Woykebacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF34)
        • "Curtissbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Daviesbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Roizmanbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Gottesmanbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Levybacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Shapirobacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • Clade GWA2-44-7
          • ?"Genascibacteria" He et al. 2021
          • "Amesbacteraceaeia" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Blackburnbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF35)
          • "Woesebacteria" Brown et al. 2015 (DUSEL-2, DUSEL-4)
        • Clade "Chazhemtobacteriales" Pallen, Rodriguez-R & Alikhan 2022 [UBA1400]
          • "Beckwithbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Collierbacteria" Brown et al. 2015 (MFAQ01)
          • "Chazhemtonibacteraceae" corrig. Kadnikov et al. 2020
          • "Chisholmbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF36)
          • "Cerribacteria" Kroeger et al. 2018
          • "Pacebacteria" Brown et al. 2015 (PJMF01)
    • Gracilibacteria Cluster
      • Clade "Absconditabacteria"
        • "Absconditabacteria" Hug et al. 2016b (SR1)
        • "Ca. Altimarinus" Rinke et al. 2013 {BD1-5: UBA6164} (GN02)
      • Superphylum "Gracilibacteria"
        • "Abawacabacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF46)
        • "Peregrinibacteria" Brown et al. 2015 (PER)
        • "Fallacibacteriota" Dudek et al. 2017 ["Fertabacteria" (sic)] (DOLZORAL124_38_8)
        • "Peribacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016
    • Saccharibacteria Cluster
      • "Berkelbacteria" Wrighton et al. 2014 (ACD58)
      • "Kazanbacteria" Jaffe et al. 2020 (Kazan)
      • "Howlettbacteria" Probst et al. 2018 (CPR2)[與來源不符]
      • "Saccharibacteria" Albertsen et al. 2013 (TM7)
    • Parcubacteria Cluster
      • "Andersenbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF9)
      • "Doudnabacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (SM2F11)
      • "Torokbacteria" Probst et al. 2018
      • Clade ABY1
        • ?"Brownbacteria" Danczak et al. 2017
        • "Kerfeldbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF4)
        • "Jacksonbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF38)
        • "Komeilibacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF6)
        • "Kuenenbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Veblenbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF39)
        • "Magasanikbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Uhrbacteria" Brown et al. 2015 (SG8-24)
        • "Buchananbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF37)
        • "Falkowbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Moisslbacteria" Probst et al. 2018
      • Superphylum Parcubacteria
        • ?"Montesolbacteria " He et al. 2021
        • "Moranbacteria" Brown et al. 2015 (OD1-i)
        • Clade UBA6257
          • "Brennerbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF18)
          • "Jorgensenbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Wolfebacteria" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Colwellbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF41)
          • "Harrisonbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF43)
          • "Liptonbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF42)
        • "Spechtbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF19)
        • "Terrybacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF13)
        • "Parcunitrobacteria" Castelle et al. 2017 (GWA2-38-13b)
        • "Portnoybacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF22)
        • Clade "Paceibacteria"
          • "Wildermuthbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF21)
          • "Gribaldobacteria" Probst et al. 2018
          • "Paceibacteria"
          • "Nealsonbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF40)
          • "Staskawiczbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF20)
        • "Azambacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Yanofskybacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Sungbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF17)
        • "Ryanbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF10)
        • "Giovannonibacteria" Brown et al. 2015
        • "Niyogibacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF11)
        • "Tagabacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF12)
        • Clade UBA9973
          • ?"Hugbacteria" Danczak et al. 2017
          • ?"Llyodbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF45)
          • "Vogelbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF14)
          • "Yonathbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF44)
          • "Nomurabacteria" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Adlerbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Kaiserbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Campbellbacteria" Brown et al. 2015
          • "Taylorbacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF16)
          • "Zambryskibacteria" Anantharaman et al. 2016 (RIF15)

目前的系統發育結果基於核糖體蛋白[4]其他方法,包括蛋白家族16S 核糖體RNA,得到的結果類似但分辨率較低。[1][17]

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參見

參考資料

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