| 小品詞 |
意義 |
反映
|
| *apo |
from |
Ved. ápa「away, forth」, Gk. apó, Lat. ab 「from」, Eng. of, off[2]
|
| *epi / *opi |
near, at, upon, by |
Ved. ápi「by, on」, Gk. epí「on」, Lat. ob「on」, Arm. ew「and」,[2] Av. aipi, Lith. api-, apie, Alb. afër「near」
|
| *h₁ad |
to, by, at |
Lat. ad, Osc. adpúd, Umb. ař, Goth. at, ON at, Eng. æt/at, Gm. az/--, Ir. ad/ad, Welsh add, Gaul. ad, Phryg. addaket, XMK addai
|
| *(h₁?)en |
in |
Gk. en, Lat. in, Eng. in/in, Gm. in/in, īn/ein-, Welsh yn, Arm. i, OPruss. en, OCS vŭ(n)-,[2] Luw. anda, Carian nt_a, Goth. in, ON í, Ir. in/in, Lith. į, Ltv. iekšā
|
| *(h₁?)en-ter |
within, inside |
Ved. antár「between」, Lat. inter「between, among」, Gm. untar/unter「between, among」, Ir. eter/?「between」, Alb. ndër「between, in」[2]
|
| *h₂en / *h₂eno |
on, upon |
Av. ana, Gk. ano, Lat. in (在某些情況下), ON á, Goth. ana, Eng. an/on, Gm. ?/an, Lith. ant
|
| *h₂euo |
off, away, down from |
Ved. ava, Lith. nuo
|
| *h₂n̥-bʰi / *h₂m̥-bʰi |
around[3](→ both) |
Ved. abhi, Av. aiwito, aibi, Pers. abiy/?, Gk. amphi, ON um, Eng. bi/by; ymbi/umbe (廢棄了), Gm. umbi/um; ?/bei, Gaul. ambi, Ir. imb/um, Welsh am, Toch. āmpi/?, Lith. abu, OCS oba, Russ. ob
|
| *kata / *km̥ta |
down |
Hitt. katta「with」, Gk. katá「down」[2]
|
| *kom |
with |
Lat. cum, Ir. co/?[2]
|
| *n̥dʰ-er |
under |
Ved. adhás, Av. aδairi, Lat. īnfr-ā, Eng. under/under, Arm. ənd,[2] Pers. ?/zēr, ON und, Goth. undar, Gm. untar/unter, Arm. ĕndhup/ĕnthub
|
| *ni |
down, under |
Ved. ní, Eng. ne-ther, Arm. ni, OCS ni-zŭ[2]
|
| *nu |
now |
Hitt. nu, Luw. nanun, Ved. nū, Pers. nūra/?, Gk. nú, Lat. nunc, ON nū, Goth. nu, Eng. nū/now, Gm. nu/nun, Toch. nuṃ/nano, Lith. nū, Ltv. nu, OPruss. teinu, OCS nu, Arb. naní (參見後面的連詞段落)
|
| *pe |
with, together |
Hitt. pe-
|
| *per(i) |
around, through |
Ved. pári「around, forth」, Gk. perí「around」, Lat. per「through」, OPruss. per, Alb. për[2]
|
| *per / *pero / *prō |
before, forth, in front of, ahead of |
Hitt. per, Ved. prā, Lat. per, prō, Eng. for/fore-, Gm. ?/vor, Lith. per, pro
|
| *r̥ |
for (前接詞) |
Ved. r̥
|
| *uper |
above |
Ved. upári, Gk. hupér, Lat. s-uper, Eng. over, Ir. for/?, Arm. (i) ver "up"[2] Alb. sipër
|
| *up / *upo |
under, below |
Ved. úpa「up to」, Gk. hupó「below」, Lat. s-ub, Ir. fo/fo,[2] Hitt. upzi, Av. upa, Pers. upa/?, Umb. sub, Osc. sup, ON upp, Goth. iup, Eng. upp/up, Gm. uf/auf, Welsh go, Gaul. voretus, Toch. ?/spe, Lith. po
|