梭菌屬

梭菌屬（學名：Clostridium），菌體呈梭狀，又稱梭狀芽孢桿菌屬或厭氧芽孢桿菌屬，芽孢常比菌體大，是一類能產生內生孢子的厭氧性革蘭氏陽性菌。

梭菌屬
艱難梭菌
科學分類
域：	細菌域 Bacteria
界：	芽孢桿菌界 Bacillati
門：	芽孢桿菌門 Bacillota
綱：	梭菌綱 Clostridia
目：	梭菌目 Clostridiales
科：	梭菌科 Clostridiaceae
屬：	梭菌屬 Clostridium Prazmowski, 1880
模式種
丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski, 1880
種
見正文

梭菌屬廣泛分佈於自然界，以土壤中最多，芽孢圓形或橢圓形。除了產氣莢膜梭菌無鞭毛外，大多有鞭毛。大部份的梭菌屬可以水解糖、蛋白質，又可產生外毒素，成為一些疾病的原因。

該屬的模式種為丁酸梭菌（Clostridium butyricum）。

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：^[1]

• 不同梭菌 Clostridium absonum Nakamura et al., 1973，為Clostridium sardiniense Prévot 1938的異名
• 醋酸梭菌 Clostridium aceticum (ex Wieringa 1940) Gottschalk and Braun, 1981，丙酮丁醇桿菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽孢桿菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽胞桿菌
• Clostridium acetireducens Örlygsson et al. 1996
• 丙酮丁醇梭桿菌 Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy et al. 1926
• Clostridium acidisoli Kuhner et al. 2000
• Clostridium aciditolerans Lee et al. 2007
• 尿酸發酵梭狀芽胞桿菌 Clostridium acidurici (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938，尿酸梭菌，也拼作Clostridium acidiurici
• 腐氣梭狀芽胞桿菌 Clostridium aerofoetidum ，臭氣桿菌，臭氣梭菌
• 產氣梭菌 Clostridium aerogenes ，產氣梭狀芽孢桿菌
• 耐氧梭菌 Clostridium aerotolerans van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987，為Lacrimispora aerotolerans (van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987) Haas and Blanchard 2020的異名
• Clostridium aestuarii Kim et al. 2007
• Clostridium akagii Kuhner et al. 2000
• Clostridium aldenense Warren et al. 2007
• Clostridium aldrichii Yang et al. 1990
• Clostridium algidicarnis Lawson et al. 1995
• Clostridium algidixylanolyticum Broda et al. 2000
• Clostridium algifaecis Wu et al. 2014
• Clostridium algoriphilum Shcherbakova et al. 2010
• 鹼性纖維素梭菌 Clostridium alkalicellulosi Zhilina et al. 2006，異名：Clostridium alkalicellum Zhilina et al. 2006
• 亞馬遜梭菌 Clostridium amazonense O'Neal et al. 2015
• Clostridium aminophilum Paster et al. 1993
• Clostridium aminovalericum Hardman and Stadtman 1960
• Clostridium amygdalinum Parshina et al. 2003
• Clostridium amylolyticum Song and Dong 2008
• 黃水梭菌 Clostridium aquiflavi Sun et al. 2024^[2]
• Clostridium arbusti Jung et al. 2010
• Clostridium arcticum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
• 阿根廷梭菌 Clostridium argentinense Suen et al. 1988
• 產香梭狀芽孢桿菌 Clostridium aromativorans Luo et al. 2024^[3]，分離自五糧液元明古窖池窖泥
• Clostridium articum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
• Clostridium asparagiforme Mohan et al. 2007
• Clostridium aurantibutyricum Hellinger 1944
• 產乙醇梭菌 Clostridium autoethanogenum Abrini et al. 1994
• Clostridium barati (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970，異名：巴氏梭菌 Clostridium baratii (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970
• Clostridium barkeri Stadtman et al. 1972
• Clostridium bartlettii Song et al. 2004
• 北海梭菌 Clostridium beihaiense Dong et al. 2018
• 拜氏梭菌 Clostridium beijerinckii Donker 1926
• 雙酶梭菌 Clostridium bifermentans (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium bolteae Song et al. 2003
• Clostridium bornimense Hahnke et al. 2014
• 肉毒桿菌 Clostridium botulinum (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium bovifaecis Zhu et al. 2018
• Clostridium bowmanii Spring et al. 2003
• Clostridium bryantii Stieb and Schink 1985
• Clostridium budayi (Le Blaye and Guggenheim 1914) Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium butanoliproducens Rios-Galicia et al. 2024^[4]
• 丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski 1880
• 屍毒梭菌 Clostridium cadaveris (Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957
• Clostridium caenicola Shiratori et al. 2009
• 溫泉梭菌 Clostridium caldaquaticum Lv et al. 2023^[5]
• Clostridium caminithermale Brisbarre et al. 2003
• 食一氧化碳梭菌 Clostridium carboxidivorans Liou et al. 2005
• Clostridium carnis (Klein 1904) Spray 1939
• Clostridium cavendishii Bowman et al. 2010
• Clostridium celatum Hauschild and Holdeman 1974
• Clostridium celerecrescens Palop et al. 1989
• Clostridium cellobioparum Hungate 1944
• Clostridium cellulofermentans He et al. 1991
• Clostridium cellulolyticum Petitdemange et al. 1984
• Clostridium cellulosi He et al. 1991
• Clostridium cellulovorans Sleat et al. 1985
• Clostridium chartatabidum Kelly et al. 1996，瘤胃纖維分解細菌
• 氣腫疽梭菌 Clostridium chauvoei (Arloing et al. 1887) Scott 1928，鳴疽梭狀芽孢桿菌，肖氏芽孢梭菌
• Clostridium chromiireducens Inglett et al. 2011
• Clostridium citroniae Warren et al. 2007
• Clostridium clariflavum Shiratori et al. 2009
• 梭狀梭菌 Clostridium clostridioforme (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976，也拼作：Clostridium clostridiiforme
• Clostridium coccoides Kaneuchi et al. 1976
• Clostridium cochlearium (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium cocleatum Kaneuchi et al. 1979
• Clostridium colicanis Greetham et al. 2003
• 鵪鶉梭菌 Clostridium colinum (ex Berkhoff et al. 1974) Berkhoff 1985
• Clostridium collagenovorans Jain and Zeikus 1988
• Clostridium combesii (Prévot and Laplanche 1947) Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium composti Shin et al. 2018
• 克薩氏梭菌 Clostridium coskatii Flüchter et al. 2019，一種新的產乙醇梭菌屬物種
• 柱盤孢梭菌 Clostridium cylindrosporum (ex Barker and Beck 1942) Andreesen et al. 1985
• 艱難梭菌 Clostridium difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prévot 1938
• Clostridium diolis Biebl and Spröer 2003
• Clostridium disporicum Horn 1987
• 德可氏梭菌 Clostridium drakei Liou et al. 2005
• Clostridium durum Smith and Cato 1974
• Clostridium estertheticum Collins et al. 1993
• 譎詐梭菌 Clostridium fallax (Weinberg and Séguin 1915) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium felsineum (Carbone and Tombolato 1917) Bergey et al. 1939
• Clostridium fermenticellae Xu et al. 2019
• Clostridium fervidum Patel et al. 1987，也拼作：Clostridium fervidus
• Clostridium fessum Seo et al. 2020
• Clostridium fimetarium Kotsyurbenko et al. 1997
• Clostridium folliculivorans Tazawa et al. 2023^[6]
• 自養乙酸梭菌 Clostridium formicaceticum Andreesen et al. 1970，也拼作：Clostridium formicoaceticum
• Clostridium frigidicarnis Broda et al. 1999
• Clostridium frigoris Spring et al. 2003
• 母雞梭菌 Clostridium gallinarum Pallen 2024^[7]
• 江華梭菌 Clostridium ganghwense Kim et al. 2006
• Clostridium gasigenes Broda et al. 2000
• Clostridium gelidum Honma et al. 2022^[8]
• Clostridium ghonii Prévot 1938，也拼作：Clostridium ghoni
• 乙二醇梭菌 Clostridium glycolicum Gaston and Stadtman 1963
• Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum Sakuma et al. 2006
• Clostridium grantii Mountfort et al. 1996
• 廣西梭菌 Clostridium guangxiense Zhao et al. 2017
• 溶血梭菌 Clostridium haemolyticum (Hall 1929) Scott et al. 1935
• Clostridium halophilium Fendrich et al. 1991
• Clostridium halophilum corrig. Fendrich et al. 1991
• 矛形梭菌 Clostridium hastiforme MacLennan 1939，哈氏梭菌
• Clostridium hathewayi Steer et al. 2002
• Clostridium herbivorans Varel et al. 1995
• Clostridium hiranonis Kitahara et al. 2001
• 溶組織梭菌 Clostridium histolyticum (Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium homopropionicum Dörner and Schink 1991
• Clostridium huakuii Ruan et al. 2014，以對中國土壤微生物學做出貢獻的微生物學家陳華癸的名字命名
• Clostridium hungatei Monserrate et al. 2001
• Clostridium hydrogeniformans Bowman et al. 2010
• Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum Zhang et al. 1994
• Clostridium hylemonae Kitahara et al. 2000
• 印度梭菌 Clostridium indicum Gundawar et al. 2019
• Clostridium indolis McClung and McCoy 1957
• 無害梭菌 Clostridium innocuum Smith and King 1962，無害芽胞梭菌
• Clostridium intestinale corrig. Lee et al. 1989
• Clostridium intestinalis Lee et al. 1989
• Clostridium irregulare (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938 ，也拼作：Clostridium irregularis
• Clostridium isatidis Padden et al. 1999
• 吉達梭菌 Clostridium jeddahense Lagier et al. 2016
• 濟州梭菌 Clostridium jejuense Jeong et al. 2004
• Clostridium josui Sukhumavasi et al. 1988
• 克氏梭菌 Clostridium kluyveri Barker and Taha 1942
• Clostridium lactatifermentans van der Wielen et al. 2002
• Clostridium lacusfryxellense Spring et al. 2003
• Clostridium laramie Kalchayanand et al. 1993
• Clostridium laramiense corrig. Kalchayanand et al. 1993
• Clostridium lavalense Domingo et al. 2009
• Clostridium lentocellum Murray et al. 1987
• Clostridium lentoputrescens Hartsell and Rettger 1934
• Clostridium leptum Moore et al. 1976
• 泥渣梭菌 Clostridium limosum André 1948
• Clostridium liquoris Yin et al. 2016
• Clostridium litorale Fendrich et al. 1991
• Clostridium lituseburense (Laplanche and Saissac 1948) McClung and McCoy 1957
• Clostridium ljungdahlii Tanner et al. 1993
• Clostridium lortetii Oren 1984
• Clostridium lundense Cirne et al. 2006
• Clostridium luticellarii Wang et al. 2015
• Clostridium magnum Schink 1984
• Clostridium malenominatum (Weinberg et al. 1937) Spray 1948
• Clostridium mangenotii (Prévot and Zimmès-Chaverou 1947) McClung and McCoy 1957
• 最大梭菌 Clostridium maximum (Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium mayombei Kane et al. 1992
• Clostridium merdae Ndongo et al. 2017^[9]
• 食甲氧基苯甲酸梭菌 Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi et al. 1999
• Clostridium methylpentosum Himelbloom and Canale-Parola 1989
• Clostridium moniliforme (Repaci 1910) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium neonatale Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium neopropionicum Tholozan et al. 1995
• Clostridium neuense Zhao et al. 2017
• Clostridium nexile Holdeman and Moore 1974
• Clostridium nitritogenes (Prévot 1940) Bernard et al. 2018
• Clostridium nitrophenolicum Suresh et al. 2007
• 諾氏梭菌 Clostridium novyi (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1923，諾維氏梭菌，諾威氏梭狀芽孢桿菌
• Clostridium oceanicum Smith 1970
• Clostridium omnivorum Ueki et al. 2024^[10]
• Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991
• Clostridium oroticum (Wachsman and Barker 1954) Cato et al. 1968
• Clostridium oryzae Horino et al. 2015
• Clostridium oxalicum Dehning and Schink 1990
• Clostridium pabulibutyricum Kobayashi et al. 2017
• Clostridium papyrosolvens Madden et al. 1982
• Clostridium paradoxum Li et al. 1993
• Clostridium paraperfringens Nakamura et al. 1970
• 類腐敗梭菌 Clostridium paraputrificum (Bienstock 1906) Snyder 1936，副胞梭菌
• Clostridium pascui Wilde et al. 1997
• 巴氏梭菌 Clostridium pasteurianum Winogradsky 1895，巴氏芽孢梭菌
• Clostridium peptidivorans Mechichi et al. 2000
• Clostridium perenne (Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957
• 產氣莢膜梭菌 Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937
• Clostridium phytofermentans Warnick et al. 2002
• 毛狀梭菌 Clostridium piliforme (ex Tyzzer 1917) Duncan et al. 1993
• Clostridium polyendosporum (Duda et al. 1996) Rainey et al. 2016
• 法屬波利尼西亞梭菌 Clostridium polynesiense Sankar et al. 2023^[11]
• Clostridium polysaccharolyticum (van Gylswyk 1981) van Gylswyk et al. 1983
• Clostridium populeti Sleat and Mah 1985
• Clostridium prolinivorans Huang et al. 2020
• Clostridium propionicum Cardon and Barker 1946
• Clostridium proteoclasticum Attwood et al. 1996
• Clostridium proteolyticum Jain and Zeikus 1988
• Clostridium psychrophilum Spring et al. 2003
• Clostridium punense Lanjekar et al. 2015
• Clostridium puniceum Lund et al. 1981
• Clostridium purinilyticum corrig. Dürre et al. 1981
• Clostridium purinolyticum Dürre et al. 1981
• Clostridium putrefaciens (McBryde 1911) Sturges and Drake 1927
• Clostridium putrificum (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922
• Clostridium quercicolum Stankewich et al. 1971
• Clostridium quinii Svensson et al. 1995
• 拉氏梭菌 Clostridium ragsdalei ，拉格斯代爾梭菌
• 多枝梭菌 Clostridium ramosum (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Holdeman et al. 1971
• Clostridium rectum (Heller 1922) Holdeman and Moore 1972
• Clostridium roseum (ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988
• Clostridium saccharobutylicum Keis et al. 2001
• Clostridium saccharogumia Clavel et al. 2007
• Clostridium saccharolyticum Murray et al. 1982
• Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Keis et al. 2001
• Clostridium sardiniense corrig. Prévot 1938
• Clostridium sardiniensis Prévot 1938
• Clostridium sartagoforme corrig. Partansky and Henry 1935
• Clostridium sartagoformum Partansky and Henry 1935
• Clostridium saudiense Angelakis et al. 2016，也拼作：Clostridium saudii
• Clostridium scatologenes (Weinberg and Ginsbourg 1927) Prévot 1948
• Clostridium schirmacherense Alam et al. 2006
• 閃爍梭菌 Clostridium scindens Morris et al. 1985
• 塞內加爾梭菌 Clostridium senegalense Mishra et al. 2015
• 敗毒梭菌 Clostridium septicum (Macé 1889) Ford 1927
• 索氏梭菌 Clostridium sordellii (Hall and Scott 1927) Prévot 1938
• 楔形梭菌 Clostridium sphenoides (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium spiroforme Kaneuchi et al. 1979，為Thomasclavelia spiroformis (Kaneuchi et al. 1979) Lawson et al. 2023的異名
• 生孢梭菌 Clostridium sporogenes (Metchnikoff 1908) Bergey et al. 1923
• Clostridium sporosphaeroides Soriano and Soriano 1948
• Clostridium stercorarium Madden 1983
• Clostridium sticklandii Stadtman and McClung 1957
• Clostridium straminisolvens Kato et al. 2004
• 近端梭菌 Clostridium subterminale (Hall and Whitehead 1927) Spray 1948
• Clostridium sufflavum Nishiyama et al. 2009
• Clostridium sulfidigenes Sallam and Steinbüchel 2009
• Clostridium swellfunianum Liu et al. 2015
• Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens 1956) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
• Clostridium tagluense Suetin et al. 2009
• Clostridium tarantellae (Udey et al. 1977) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium tepidiprofundi Slobodkina et al. 2008
• Clostridium tepidum Dobritsa et al. 2017
• Clostridium termitidis Hethener et al. 1992
• 第三梭菌 Clostridium tertium (Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923
• 破傷風梭菌 Clostridium tetani (Flügge 1886) Bergey et al. 1923，破傷風芽孢梭菌
• Clostridium tetanomorphum (ex Bulloch et al. 1919) Wilde et al. 1989
• Clostridium thermaceticum corrig. Fontaine et al. 1942
• Clostridium thermarum Liu et al. 2021
• Clostridium thermautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982
• 熱醋酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoaceticum Fontaine et al. 1942
• 熱嗜酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoacidophilus
• 熱產氣梭菌 Clostridium thermoaerogenes
• 嗜熱鹼梭菌 Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum Li et al. 1994
• Clostridium thermoautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982
• 熱丁酸梭菌 Clostridium thermobutyricum Wiegel et al. 1989，丁酸梭菌
• 熱介纖維素梭菌 Clostridium thermocellulaseum
• 熱纖梭菌 Clostridium thermocellum Viljoen et al. 1926
• Clostridium thermocopriae Jin et al. 1988
• 溫水硫磺梭菌 Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965
• 嗜熱乳酸梭菌 Clostridium thermolacticum Le Ruyet et al. 1988，熱乳梭菌
• 熱棕櫚梭菌 Clostridium thermopalmarium Soh et al. 1991，帕姆酒耐熱梭菌
• Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum Méndez et al. 1991
• 嗜熱梭菌 Clostridium thermophilum
• 熱腐梭菌 Clostridium thermoputrificum
• 嗜熱化糖梭狀芽胞桿菌 Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum McClung 1935
• Clostridium thermosuccinogenes Drent et al. 1995
• Clostridium thermosulfurigenes corrig. Schink and Zeikus 1983
• Clostridium thermosulfurogenes Schink and Zeikus 1983
• Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Hernández-Eugenio et al. 2002
• 酪丁酸梭菌 Clostridium tyrobutyricum van Beynum and Pette 1935
• Clostridium uliginosum Matthies et al. 2001
• 烏爾蒂納梭菌 Clostridium ultunense Schnürer et al. 1996
• Clostridium ventriculi (Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016
• Clostridium villosum Love et al. 1979
• Clostridium vincentii Mountfort et al. 1997
• 綠梭菌 Clostridium viride Buckel et al. 1995
• Clostridium vulturis Paek et al. 2015
• 魏氏梭狀芽孢桿菌 Clostridium welchii
• Clostridium xylanolyticum Rogers and Baecker 1991
• Clostridium xylanovorans Mechichi et al. 2000