經濟體系

經濟體系，是社會上商品和服務的生產、資源分配和分配體系。它包含構成特定經濟結構的各種制度、機構、實體、決策過程和消費模式。

定義

經濟制度是一種社會制度。生產方式是一個相關的概念。^[1]所有經濟體系都必須面對和解決四個基本經濟問題：

應該生產什麼種類和數量的商品：這個基本的經濟問題是基於定價理論的。在這種情況下，定價理論與面對稀缺資源的經濟中資本品生產和消費品生產之間的經濟決策有關。在這方面，基於人口年齡、性別、職業和地理分佈對社會需求的批判性評估是非常中肯的。
如何生產商品：如何生產商品的基本問題在很大程度上取決於所採用的成本最低的生產方法，這種生產方法在經濟上決定了將要生產的商品和服務是否具有收益性。從廣義上講，可能的生產方法包括勞動密集型和資本密集型生產方法。
產出將如何分配：當貨物到達最終消費者手中時，生產即告完成。這個關於如何分配產出的基本問題尋求確定可能的最佳媒介，通過這種媒介，經濟資源分配鏈中的瓶頸和障礙可以減少到最低限度，並優化消費者的滿意度。
何時生產：^[2]消費者滿意度部分是季節性分析的函數，因為需求和供應的力量與時間因素有很大關係。這個基本的經濟問題需要深入研究時間動態和季節性變化與消費者需求的滿意度。值得注意的是，這些根本問題的解決辦法可以由經濟制度的類型來決定。

對經濟系統的研究包括這些不同的機構和機構如何相互聯繫，信息如何在它們之間流動，以及系統內的社會關係（包括產權和管理結構）。傳統上，對經濟制度的分析側重於市場經濟和計劃經濟之間的二分法和比較，以及資本主義和社會主義之間的區別。^[3]隨後，經濟系統的分類擴大到包括其他不符合傳統二分法的主題和模型。

如今，在世界層面上佔主導地位的經濟組織形式是以市場為導向的混合經濟。^[4]某些意識形態、政治制度和某些經濟制度之間通常存在很強的相關性（例如，考慮「共產主義」一詞的含義）。許多經濟體系在不同領域相互重疊（例如，可以認為「混合經濟」一詞包括來自不同體系的要素）。還有各種相互排斥的層次分類。

類型

為了使經濟令人滿意地運行，必須回答幾個基本問題。例如，稀缺問題需要回答基本問題，例如生產什麼、如何生產以及誰得到所生產的。經濟制度是回答這些基本問題的一種方式，不同的經濟制度對這些問題的回答不同。許多不同的目標可能被視為一個經濟體的理想目標，例如效率、增長、自由和平等。^[5]

經濟體系通常根據其生產資料的產權制度和佔主導地位的資源配置機制來劃分。將私有制與市場配置相結合的經濟稱為「市場資本主義」，將私有制與經濟計劃相結合的經濟稱為「指令資本主義」或「指導主義」。同樣，將生產資料公有制或合作所有制與經濟計劃相結合的制度稱為「社會主義計劃經濟」，將公有制或合作所有制與市場相結合的制度稱為「市場社會主義」^[6]。一些觀點建立在這一基本術語的基礎上，將其他變量考慮在內，例如經濟中的階級進程。這導致一些經濟學家根據工人階級被黨的領導層剝削的分析，將蘇聯經濟歸類為國家資本主義。這種觀點不考慮名義所有權，而是考慮經濟企業內部的組織形式。^[7]

常見的經濟體制類型有：資源導向型經濟、資本主義、共產主義、社會主義、計劃經濟、封建主義、國家主義、水力帝國、市場經濟、重商主義、互惠主義、散財宴、參與型經濟、工人自治、混合經濟、喬治主義、美國學派、指導主義、日本模式、北歐模式、社團主義、社會市場經濟、新經濟政策、國家資本主義、社會主義市場經濟、禮物經濟、以物易物、後稀缺、佛教經濟學、伊斯蘭經濟、分產主義、奴隸制度與僱傭勞動、循環經濟、集聚經濟、數字經濟、綠色經濟、信息經濟、知識經濟、自然經濟、虛擬經濟等。

延伸閱讀

Richard Bonney (1995), Economic Systems and State Finance, 680 pp.
David W. Conklin (1991), Comparative Economic Systems, Cambridge University Press, 427 pp.
George Sylvester Counts (1970), Bolshevism, Fascism, and Capitalism: An Account of the Three Economic Systems.
Robert L. Heilbroner and Peter J. Boettke (2007). "Economic Systems". The New Encyclopædia Britannica, v. 17, pp. 908–915.
Harold Glenn Moulton, Financial Organization and the Economic System, 515 pp.
Jacques Jacobus Polak (2003), An International Economic System, 179 pp.
Frederic L. Pryor (1996), Economic Evolution and Structure, 384 pp.
Frederic L. Pryor (2005), Economic Systems of Foraging, Agricultural, and Industrial Societies, 332 pp.
Graeme Snooks (1999), Global Transition: A General Theory, PalgraveMacmillan, 395 pp.

外部連結

Economic system （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）大不列顛百科全書
"Social Studies VSC Glossary".
Glossary-Cultural "Anthropology".
"Economic Systems" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
"Economic Systems" by WebEc, 2007.

參考文獻

[1]
Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert. The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. 2013-02-28: 30. ISBN 978-1285055350. Economic system – A set of institutions for decision making and for the implementation of decisions concerning production, income, and consumption within a given geographic area.
[2]
Samuelson, P. Anthony., Samuelson, W. (1980). Economics. 11th ed. / New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 34
[3]
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003-07-23: 1. ISBN 978-0262182348. Chapter 1 presents definitions and basic examples of the categories used in this book: tradition, market, and command for allocative mechanisms and capitalism and socialism for ownership systems.
[4]
• Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus (2004). Economics, McGraw-Hill, Glossary of Terms, "Mixed economy"; ch. 1, (section) Market, Command, and Mixed Economies.
• Alan V. Deardorff (2006). Glossary of International Economics, Mixed economy （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
[5]
David W. Conklin (1991), Comparative Economic Systems, University of Calgary Press, p.1.
[6]
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003-07-23: 8. ISBN 978-0262182348. This leads us to describe two extreme categories: market capitalism and command socialism. But this simple dichotomization raises the possibility of 「cross forms,」, namely, market socialism and command capitalism. Although less common than the previous two, both have existed.
[7]
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003-07-23: 8. ISBN 978-0262182348. Indeed, aside from the variation of ownership forms, some follow certain ideas in Marx, saying that how one class relates to another is the crucial matter rather than specifically who owns what, with true socialism involving a lack of exploitation of one class by another. This kind of argument can lead to the position that the Soviet Union was not really socialist but a form of state capitalism in which the government leaders exploited the workers.

參見

[1] [1]
Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert. The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. 2013-02-28: 30. ISBN 978-1285055350. Economic system – A set of institutions for decision making and for the implementation of decisions concerning production, income, and consumption within a given geographic area.

[2] [2]
Samuelson, P. Anthony., Samuelson, W. (1980). Economics. 11th ed. / New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 34

[3] [3]
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003-07-23: 1. ISBN 978-0262182348. Chapter 1 presents definitions and basic examples of the categories used in this book: tradition, market, and command for allocative mechanisms and capitalism and socialism for ownership systems.

[4] [4]
• Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus (2004). Economics, McGraw-Hill, Glossary of Terms, "Mixed economy"; ch. 1, (section) Market, Command, and Mixed Economies.
• Alan V. Deardorff (2006). Glossary of International Economics, Mixed economy （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.

[5] [5]
David W. Conklin (1991), Comparative Economic Systems, University of Calgary Press, p.1.

[6] [6]
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003-07-23: 8. ISBN 978-0262182348. This leads us to describe two extreme categories: market capitalism and command socialism. But this simple dichotomization raises the possibility of 「cross forms,」, namely, market socialism and command capitalism. Although less common than the previous two, both have existed.

[7] [7]
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003-07-23: 8. ISBN 978-0262182348. Indeed, aside from the variation of ownership forms, some follow certain ideas in Marx, saying that how one class relates to another is the crucial matter rather than specifically who owns what, with true socialism involving a lack of exploitation of one class by another. This kind of argument can lead to the position that the Soviet Union was not really socialist but a form of state capitalism in which the government leaders exploited the workers.

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