印地安大屠殺列表

印地安大屠殺列表，本表列出美洲殖民期間歐洲人與印地安人之間的屠殺事件。

印地安大屠殺通常指在歐洲人往美洲殖民時歐洲人屠殺美洲原住民印地安人，和印地安人屠殺歐洲白種移民的歷史。歷史學界對這段歷史的全部或部分事件是否構成「種族滅絕」存在爭議。一些歷史學家如創造「種族滅絕」一詞的拉斐爾·萊姆金（Raphael Lemkin）認為，歐洲殖民者對美洲原住民的驅逐是歷史上的一種種族滅絕行為^[1]。另一些歷史學家如加里·安德森（Gary Anderson）則認為，用「種族滅絕」來描述這段歷史不準確，他主張應使用「種族清洗」（Ethnic Cleansing）這一術語更為恰當。^[2]

概觀

印地安大屠殺是美洲國家上的歐洲殖民者與印地安原住民之間的血腥歷史。歷史學家William M. Osborn寫的《荒野邊疆：美國印地安戰爭中自詹姆斯鎮到傷膝河的的暴行》 搜集了從1511年兩種族首次接觸到1890年西擴終止這段時間內、今日美國本土所有有記錄的歐印暴力衝突，並確認了7193人死於白人的暴行，9156人死於印地安人的暴行。Osborn定義的「暴行」限於謀殺，酷刑，殘害平民、傷者、俘虜的肢體器官。對「暴行」的定義不同也會導致統計數量的不同。

在《美洲種族滅絕，美國和加拿大的災難，1846-1873》中，歷史學家Benjamin Madley記錄了在1846到1873年間對加州土著的屠殺數目。他發現這期間的證據，至少9400到16000加州印地安被非印地安人殺死。大多數殺戮發生於他所說的370次屠殺（定義為有意識殺死5人和以上的無武器戰鬥者或者平民，包括婦女，兒童或者俘虜等，不一定在戰鬥時發生）中。^[3]

印地安人也出於各種原因屠殺白人。例如，殖民初期的1622年，波瓦坦聯盟在弗吉尼亞發動突然襲擊，造成約347名英國殖民者喪生^[4]。在菲利普國王戰爭（1675–1678年）期間，萬帕諾亞格等部族對新英格蘭多處定居點發動攻擊，導致約600名英屬殖民者在衝突中死亡^[5]；獨立戰爭時期，一些印地安部族與英軍結盟襲擊革命派的邊境居民點^[6]，其中1778年7月懷俄明谷大屠殺造成約360名美國殖民者遇害^[7]，同年11月發生的櫻桃谷大屠殺中亦有數十名定居者（包括婦女和兒童）被殺^[8]。

影響

美洲殖民者與印地安人之間的屠殺，產生了極爲深遠的歷史影響。在之後的數個世紀中，對這一系列歷史事件都產生了若干的討論與爭議。例如中國的官方媒體自21世紀以來，曾多次發佈文章，指控稱「1814年美國詹姆斯·麥迪遜政府頒布法令規定每上繳一個印地安人的頭蓋皮，美國政府將會發給獎金50-100美元（殺死12歲以下印地安人嬰幼兒和殺死女印地安人獎50美元，殺死12歲以上青壯年印地安人男子獎100美元）」和「19世紀20年代到90年代，特別是特別是安德魯·傑克遜於1830年促使國會通過一項法令《印地安人驅逐法案》。印地安人在遷移的過程中，形成了血淚之路。在當地民兵的配合下，美國聯邦正規軍採取分進合擊等戰術，集中發起了1000多次不同規模的軍事行動，到1890年代基本上完成了滅絕印地安人的作戰任務」等^[9][10]。不過，中國官方媒體的這些指控所基於的部分事實缺乏對權威史料的引用。例如，上文提到中國官方媒體指控詹姆斯·麥迪遜政府頒佈法令懸賞印地安人頭皮，但這一指控沒有援引客觀的研究或史料^[9]。儘管狩獵印地安人頭皮現象確實存在^[11]，有國際媒體指出，中國官方媒體對存在狩獵印地安人頭皮之美國聯邦法令的指控"無法被獨立證實"^[12]。另外，中國官方媒體所謂「聯邦軍隊在民兵配合下進行1000多次軍事行動」，但未提供支撐這一數字的史料來源^[10]；所謂「完成了滅絶印地安人的作戰任務」，卻未提供客觀證據或史料依據表明美國政府在立法或正式軍事戰略中製定過以「滅絶印地安人」為目的的計劃^[10]。有國際媒體指出中國方面頻繁放出此類指控，以「化解新疆人權指責」^[13]，意在轉移國內外對於新疆種族滅絕指控的注意力，並對美方進行回擊^[12]。

麥迪遜時期的美國政府同印地安人的關係的確極爲緊張，表現爲1809年簽署的《韋恩堡條約》^[14][15]和之後因此爆發的蒂珀卡努戰役^[16]，以及1814年簽署的《傑克遜堡條約》^[17]，從印地安人處獲得了大量的土地並將其驅逐。其主要原因在於以麥迪遜總統爲首的美國白人殖民者的家長式作風、種族主義思想，以及試圖對印地安人進行種族改造^[18]。

美國國會在2009年4月9日通過了一項聯合決議，正式向「自遠古以來、在歐洲移民到來之前的數千年間便居住在今日美利堅合眾國土地上的原住民族」表示道歉。該決議隨後於2010年12月由總統貝拉克·奧巴馬簽署生效。^[19]

屠殺列表

1500–1862年

僅列出發生在北美洲的

年	日期	名稱	描述	來源
1539		Napituca屠殺	和Timucuan族交戰之後, 埃爾南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）處決200人。這是歐洲人首次大規模在美洲大陸屠殺印地安人。	Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 286–291.
1540	10.18	Mabila屠殺	Choctaw族向埃爾南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）的探險復仇，殺死200名士兵，還殺了很多他們的馬匹和豬。起因是白人之前焚燒了Mabila的建築物，殺死了2500名躲在僞裝村寨的武士[20]	Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 376–384; Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 15.
1541–42		Tiguex屠殺	先是西班牙人入侵，掠奪Tiguex人的住房、食品、服裝的Tiguex，強姦Tiguex女人，Tiguex族隨後反抗。西班牙人攻擊他們。弗朗西斯科·巴斯克斯·德·科羅納多（Francisco Vázquez de Coronado）率人圍攻Moho Pueblo，經過長達數月的圍困，他們殺害了200個試圖逃走的原住民戰士。	Sauer, C. Sixteenth Century North America, p. 141. Flint, R., No Settlement, No Conquest, pp. 144–153.
1599	1.22–1.24	Acoma屠殺	報復性殺害11名西班牙士兵,。Juan de Oñate懲罰性出征土著，在Acoma Pueblo戰鬥3天， 殺死約800人。西班牙國王 腓力二世 爲此懲罰了Oñate[21]	Weber, D., The Spanish Frontier in North America, pp. 85–86.
1601		Sandia Mountains事件	西班牙軍隊摧毀了新墨西哥州Sandia Mountains的3個印地安村莊。據西班牙的資料記載，有900名Tompiro族原住民被殺害。	[22]
1610	8.9	Paspahegh屠殺	Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr （特拉華勳爵）派70人襲擊Paspahegh原住民。他們毀掉了該族人在詹姆士頓附近的主要村莊，殺了大約16-65人。村長的妻子和子女也被抓住並處決了。
1622	3.22	Indian massacre of 1622 (詹姆士頓屠殺)	在弗吉尼亞，Powhatan (Pamunkey)族殺死347名英國人，約佔當地英國移民總數的三分之一。	[23]
1623	5.12	Pamunkey Peace Talks	英國人在「和談會議」上鴆殺Powhatan族頭人，共約200人，用暴力打死50名土著.	Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 47.
1637	5.26	Mystic Massacre	In the Pequot War, English colonists commanded by John Mason, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700.	Cave, A., The Pequot War, pp. 144–154.
1643	February 25	Pavonia Massacre	In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a band of Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to New Amsterdam seeking the protection of New Netherland governor, William Kieft. Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia[24] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven by mercenary John Underhill.[25][26]	[27]
1643	August	Massacre of Anne Hutchinson and her family	As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, near the Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New York City), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years.	LaPlante, E., American Jezebel, p. 231.
1644	March	Pound Ridge Massacre	As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, at present day Pound Ridge, New York, John Underhill, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians.	Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 116. Trelease, A., Indian Affairs in Colonial New York; The Seventeenth Century, pp. 79–80.
1655	September 11–15	Peach Tree War	In retaliation for Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, Staten Island, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland.
1675	September 18	Bloody Brook Massacre	During King Philip's War, Indian warriors killed 60 soldiers of Deerfield, Massachusetts.	[28]
1675	December 19	Great Swamp Massacre (Great Swamp Fight)	Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fort near South Kingston, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 women, children and elder men burnt in the village.	[29]
1676	March 26	Nine Men's Misery	During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers to ritual torture and death.	[30]
1676	May 10	Turner Falls Massacre (Battle of Turner's Falls)	Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day Turner Falls, Massachusetts. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack.	[31]
1676	July 2	Rhode Island	Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island, killing 34 men and 92 women and children.	[32]
1680	August 10	Pueblo Revolt	Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico.	[33]
1689	August 5	Lachine massacre	1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York.	[34]
1689		Zia Pueblo	Governor Jironza de Cruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors enslaved.	[35]
1690	February 8	Schenectady Massacre	As part of the Beaver Wars, French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.	[36]
1704		Apalachee Massacre	Former Carolinia Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors.	[37]
1704	February 29	Deerfield Massacre	During Queen Anne's War, a force composed of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives.	[38]
1713	March 20–23	Fort Neoheroka	Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1000 others were subsequently killed or captured.	[39][40]
1729	November 28	Natchez Massacre	Natchez Indians attacked French settlements near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists.	[41]
1757	August 9	Battle of Fort William Henry	Following the fall of Fort William Henry during the Seven Years' War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners.	[42]
1759	October 4	St. Francis Raid	During the Seven Years' War, in retaliation for the rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the Rogers' Rangers, Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahican into the village of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 Abenaki people, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports.	[43]
1763	September 14	Devil's Hole Massacre	During the Seven Years' War, Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from the supply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train.	[44]
1763	December	Killings by the Paxton Boys	In response to Pontiac's Rebellion, frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock.	[45][46][47]
1764	July 26	Enoch Brown School Massacre	Four Delaware killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived.	[47]
1774	April 30	Yellow Creek Massacre	Daniel Greathouse killed members of Chief Logan's family.	[48]
1777	September 26	The Grave Creek Massacre	A milita company under Captain William Foreman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling, West Virginia.	[來源請求]
1778	July 3	Battle of Wyoming	During the American Revolutionary War, following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time.	[49][50][51]
	August 31	Stockbridge Massacre	A battle of the American Revolutionary War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre.	[52]
	November 11	Cherry Valley Massacre	British and Seneca forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers.	[53]
1781	September 1	Dietz Massacre	During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl.	[54][55]
1782	March 8	Gnadenhütten massacre	During the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys.	[56][57]
1782	May 10	Corbly Family Massacre	During the Revolution, Indians allied with the British attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in Greene County, Pennsylvania. His wife and three of their children were killed; and two daughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped.	Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, R.R. Bowker Co., 1925, Item notes: v. 59 1925 January–June p. 234
1812	August 15	Fort Dearborn Massacre (Battle of Fort Dearborn)	During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed.	[58]
	September 10	Zimmer Massacre	During the War of 1812, four settlers were killed in an attack believed to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio.	Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 257–258, 1907
	September 15	Copus Massacre	During the War of 1812, Northwest Indians attacked the Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus, killing three militiamen and one settler; and wounding two militiamen and a settler's daughter; settlers killed two Indians.	Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 258–259, 1907
1813	January 22	River Raisin Massacre	During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender.	[59]
	August 18	Dilbone Massacre	During the War of 1812, an Indian allegedly killed three settlers (David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) in Miami County, Ohio. Settlers later killed the Indian they suspected of the murders.	Sutton, R., The History of Shelby County Ohio, p. 122 published 1883
	August 30	Fort Mims Massacre	After Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle of Burnt Corn (which the Creek won), a band of Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims, Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War, at the same time as the War of 1812.	[60]
	November 18	Hillabee Massacre	Tennessee troops under General White launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted.	[61]
	November 29	Autossee Massacre (Battle of Autossee)	Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire.	[62]
1818	April 22	Chehaw Affair	During the First Seminole War, U.S. troops attacked a non-hostile Muscogee village, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women and children.	[63]
1824	March 22	Fall Creek Massacre	Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and another was a witness at subsequent trial. Of those charged with murder, one man was hanged January 12, 1825, and two were hanged June 2, 1825. The last defendant was pardoned at the last minute.	Wikipedia Article
1826		Dressing Point Massacre	A posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of Karankawa Indians near the mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda Co., Texas. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed.	[32][64]
1862		林肯總統的命令	林肯總統下令絞死了38個明尼蘇達曼卡托地區的達可它人蘇語部落的38個酋長。這些被絞死的人大部分都是他們部落的神職人員和政治領袖。

參見

• 北美印地安戰爭
• 美洲原住民的人口史（英語：Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas）
• 大屠殺列表