單家蟻屬

單家蟻屬（學名：Monomorium）又稱小家蟻屬，為家蟻亞科。共有 302 個現生物種和 3 個化石物種^[1]。世界廣布，尤其是舊世界的熱帶地區^[2]。單家蟻屬包含一些惡名昭彰的害蟲，如法老小家蟻 (M. pharaonis ) 和花居小家蟻 (M. floricola )^[3]。

單家蟻屬
法老蟻 Monomorium pharaonis（英語：Monomorium pharaonis） 與原子筆筆尖作為比例尺
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	昆蟲綱 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
科：	蟻科 Formicidae
演化支：	正蟻類 Formicoid
亞科：	切葉蟻亞科 Myrmicinae
屬：	小家蟻屬 Monomorium Mayr（英語：Gustav Mayr）, 1855
模式種
Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987
異名
Antichthonidris Chelaner Epelysidris Nothidris Phacota Syllophopsis  others

物種描述

該屬形態及體型變異較大^[3]。有些物種工蟻單型，有些多型。有些物種工蟻體型小，有些體型大。大部分物種具有大且由多個小眼組成的複眼，但 M. inusuale 和一些非洲的物種的複眼較為退化。具有功能正常的螫針^[4]。

分類學

單家蟻屬包含很多物種，是一個龐大的屬，在 2007 年時， Nothidris、Epelysidris 和 Phacota 被同物異名為單家蟻屬^[4]，作者同時也推測 Anillomyrma（英語：Anillomyrma）、Megalomyrmex（英語：Megalomyrmex） 和 Bondroita 可能也為單家蟻屬^[4]。

如何精準界定該屬尚無定論。單家蟻沒有明顯可以將其與火家蟻族其他成員區分開來的特徵。如果以支序學角度嚴謹的說，整個火家蟻族都該被納入火家蟻屬，但火家蟻族並沒有明顯的共衍徵。單家蟻屬目前是併系群，是一個臨時類群，未來還需整理，其他的臨時類群包含巨山蟻屬和窄胸家蟻屬 (Leptothorax )^[5]。

習性

大部分物種居住在朽木、石頭下或土壤中^[2]。有些物種為清除者，有些則取食種子^[6]。大部分物種具有含生物鹼的毒液，可用以抵禦天敵^[7]。除了形態變異外，該屬染色體對數也多變，從 16 對至 70 對 (2n) 皆有紀錄^[8]。

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：

• Monomorium abeillei Andre, 1881
• Monomorium aberrans Forel, 1902
• Monomorium abyssinicum (Forel, 1894)
• Monomorium acutinode Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
• Monomorium adiastolon Heterick
• Monomorium advena Brown & Wilson, 1957
• Monomorium affabile Santschi, 1926
• Monomorium afrc
• Monomorium afrum Andre, 1884
• Monomorium aithoderum
• Monomorium alamarum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium albipes
• Monomorium albopilosum Emery, 1895
• Monomorium algiricum (Bernard, 1955)
• Monomorium altinode Santschi, 1910
• Monomorium ambvky
• Monomorium anceps Emery, 1895
• Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890
• Monomorium angustinode Forel, 1913
• Monomorium annamense Donisthorpe, 1941
• Monomorium antarcticum (Smith, 1858)
• Monomorium antipodum Forel, 1901
• Monomorium aper Emery, 1914
• Monomorium arboreum Weber, 1943
• Monomorium areniphilum Santschi, 1911
• Monomorium armstrongi McAreavey, 1949
• Monomorium arnoldi Forel, 1913
• Monomorium atomum Forel, 1902
• Monomorium aureorugosum Heterick
• Monomorium australe Emery, 1886
• Monomorium australicum Forel, 1907
• Monomorium baal Wheeler & Mann, 1916
• Monomorium balathir Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium banksi Forel, 1910
• Monomorium barbatulum Mayr, 1877
• Monomorium basale
• Monomorium bequaerti Forel, 1913
• Monomorium bevisi Arnold, 1944
• Monomorium bicolor Emery, 1877
• Monomorium bicorne Forel, 1907
• Monomorium bifidoclypeatum Heterick
• Monomorium bifidum
• Monomorium bimaculatum Wheeler, 1928
• Monomorium binatu Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium biroi Forel, 1907
• Monomorium biroianum Bolton, 1995
• Monomorium bodenheimeri Menozzi, 1929
• Monomorium boerorum Forel, 1910
• Monomorium bogischi Wheeler, 1917
• Monomorium boltoni Espadaler & Agosti, 1987
• Monomorium borlei Santschi, 1937
• Monomorium brasiliense Forel, 1908
• 布朗氏小家蟻 Monomorium braunsi Mayr, 1901
• Monomorium broomense Forel, 1915
• Monomorium broschorum Sparks
• Monomorium butteli Forel, 1913
• Monomorium buxtoni Crawley, 1920
• Monomorium capeyork Sparks
• Monomorium captator Santschi, 1936
• Monomorium carbo Forel, 1910
• Monomorium carbonarium (Smith, 1858)
• Monomorium centrale Forel, 1910
• Monomorium chilensis
• 中華小家蟻 Monomorium chinense Santschi, 1925
• Monomorium chnodes Heterick
• Monomorium chobauti (Emery, 1896)
• Monomorium clarinodis Heterick
• Monomorium clavicorne Andre, 1881
• Monomorium coecum
• Monomorium compressum Wheeler, 1914
• Monomorium consternens (Walker, 1859)
• Monomorium crawleyi Santschi, 1930
• Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908)
• Monomorium criniceps (Mayr, 1879)
• Monomorium cristatum
• Monomorium croceiventre Emery, 1914
• Monomorium cryptobium (Santschi, 1921)
• Monomorium cyaneum Wheeler, 1914
• Monomorium dakarense Santschi, 1914
• Monomorium damarense Forel, 1910
• Monomorium decuria
• Monomorium delabiei
• Monomorium delagoense Forel, 1894
• Monomorium demisum Santschi, 1936
• Monomorium dentatum
• Monomorium denticulatum Mayr
• Monomorium denticulum Heterick
• Monomorium dentigerum (Roger, 1862)
• Monomorium destructor (Jerdon, 1851)
• Monomorium dichroum Forel, 1902
• Monomorium dictator Santschi, 1937
• Monomorium dilatatum Bernard, 1977
• Monomorium disertum Forel, 1913
• Monomorium disoriente Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium dispar
• Monomorium dolatu Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium donisthorpei Crawley, 1915
• Monomorium drapenum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium draxocum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium ebangaense Santschi, 1937
• Monomorium ebeninum Forel, 1891
• Monomorium edentatum Emery, 1897
• Monomorium effractor Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium egens Forel, 1910
• Monomorium elghazalyi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2017
• Monomorium elgonense (Santschi, 1935)
• Monomorium elongatum Smith, 1876
• Monomorium emarginatum DuBois, 1986
• Monomorium emeryi Mayr, 1895
• Monomorium epinotale Santschi, 1923
• Monomorium eremoides Sparks
• Monomorium eremum Sparks
• Monomorium ergatogyna Wheeler, 1904
• Monomorium esharre Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium euryodon
• Monomorium evansi Donisthorpe, 1918
• Monomorium excelsior Arnold, 1926
• Monomorium excensurae Forel, 1915
• Monomorium exchao Santschi, 1926
• Monomorium exiguum Forel, 1894
• Monomorium falcatum (McAreavey, 1949)
• Monomorium fasciatum Santschi, 1920
• Monomorium fastidium Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium fayfaense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
• Monomorium ferodens Heterick
• Monomorium fezzanense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
• Monomorium fieldi Forel, 1910
• Monomorium firmum Santschi, 1926
• Monomorium fisheri Heterick
• Monomorium flavigaster (Clark, 1938)
• Monomorium flavimembra Heterick
• Monomorium flavipes Clark, 1938
• Monomorium flavum Collingwood, 1961
• Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851)
• Monomorium forcipatum Emery, 1914
• Monomorium foreli Viehmeyer, 1914
• Monomorium fraterculum Santschi, 1919
• Monomorium fridae Forel, 1905
• Monomorium fugelanum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium fulvum
• Monomorium gabrielense Forel, 1916
• Monomorium geminum Sparks
• Monomorium gilberti Forel, 1902
• Monomorium glabrum (Andre, 1883)
• Monomorium gongromos Heterick
• Monomorium gracillimum Smith
• Monomorium grassei (Tohme, 1980)
• Monomorium guillarmodi Arnold, 1946
• Monomorium guineense (Bernard, 1953)
• Monomorium hanaqe Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
• Monomorium hanneli Forel, 1907
• Monomorium hannonis Santschi, 1910
• Monomorium havilandi Forel, 1910
• Monomorium heggyi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021
• Monomorium hemame Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
• Monomorium hercules Viehmeyer, 1923
• Monomorium herero Forel, 1910
• Monomorium hertogi Sparks
• Monomorium hesperium Emery, 1915
  • Monomorium hesperium lanzarotense Wheeler, W.M., 1927
• Monomorium hildebrandti Forel, 1892
• Monomorium hirsutum Forel, 1910
• Monomorium hiten Terayama, 1996
• Monomorium hoffmanni Sparks
• Monomorium holothir Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium hospitum Viehmeyer, 1916
• Monomorium howense Wheeler, 1927
• Monomorium humilior Forel, 1910
• Monomorium ilgii Forel, 1894
• Monomorium ilium Forel, 1907
• Monomorium imerinense Forel, 1892
• Monomorium impexum Wheeler, 1928
• Monomorium indet
• Monomorium indicum Forel, 1902
• Monomorium infuscum Heterick
• Monomorium inquietum Santschi, 1926
• Monomorium inquilinum DuBois, 1981
• Monomorium insolescens Wheeler, 1934
• Monomorium insulare Clark, 1938
• Monomorium integrum
• 黑腹小家蟻 Monomorium intrudens Smith, 1874
  • 皮氏小家蟻 Monomorium intrudens pieli Santschi,1925
• Monomorium inusuale
• Monomorium invidium Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium iyenasu Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium jacksoni Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium jonesi Arnold, 1952
• Monomorium jucundum Sant.
• Monomorium junodi Forel, 1910
• Monomorium katir Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium kelapre Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium kempi Mukerjee, 1930
• Monomorium khalidi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021
• Monomorium kidman Sparks
• Monomorium kiliani Forel, 1902
• Monomorium kineti Weber, 1943
• Monomorium kitectum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium kondratieffi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013
• Monomorium kugitangi Dlussky, 1990
• Monomorium kugleri Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2009
• Monomorium kusnezovi Santschi, 1928
• Monomorium laeve Mayr, 1876
• Monomorium lameerei (Forel, 1902)
• Monomorium latastei Emery
• Monomorium latinode Mayr, 1872
• Monomorium latinodoides Wheeler, 1928
• Monomorium leae Forel, 1913
• Monomorium leda Forel, 1915
• Monomorium legulum
• Monomorium lene Santschi, 1920
• Monomorium leopoldinum Forel, 1905
• Monomorium lepidum Heterick
• Monomorium libanicum Tohme, 1980
• Monomorium liliuokalanii Forel, 1899
• Monomorium lindbergi Pisarski, 1967
• Monomorium longi Forel, 1902
• Monomorium longiceps Wheeler, 1934
• Monomorium longinode
• Monomorium longipes Emery, 1914
• Monomorium longiusculum
• Monomorium lubricum Arnold, 1948
• Monomorium luisae Forel, 1904
• Monomorium luteum Emery, 1881
• Monomorium macareaveyi (Ettershank, 1966)
• Monomorium macrops Arnold, 1944
• Monomorium madecassum Forel, 1892
• Monomorium major Bernard, 1953
• Monomorium malamixtum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium malatu Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium mandibulare
• Monomorium manir Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium mantazenum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium marjoriae DuBois, 1986
• Monomorium marshi Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium maryannae Sparks
• Monomorium mavide Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium mayri Forel, 1902
• Monomorium mayrianum Wheeler, 1915
• Monomorium medinae Forel, 1892
• Monomorium mediocre Santschi, 1920
• Monomorium melleum Emery, 1914
• Monomorium merepah Sparks
• Monomorium micrommaton Heterick, 2006
• Monomorium micron Crawley, 1925
• Monomorium micropacum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium mictile Forel, 1910
• Monomorium minimum (Buckley, 1867)
• Monomorium minor Stitz, 1923
• Monomorium mirandum Arnold, 1955
• Monomorium mitchell Sparks
• Monomorium moathi Sharaf & Collingwood, 2010
• Monomorium modestum Santschi, 1914
• Monomorium moestum
• Monomorium mohammedi Sharaf & Hita Garcia, 2018
• 單小家蟻 Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium musicum Forel, 1910
• Monomorium muticum (Emery, 1887)
• Monomorium nengraharicum Pisarski, 1970
• Monomorium nigricans Heterick
• Monomorium niloticum Emery, 1881
• Monomorium nimihil Collingwood, 2004
• Monomorium nirvanum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium nitidiventre Emery, 1893
• Monomorium notulum Forel, 1910
• Monomorium noualhieri (Emery, 1915)
• Monomorium noxitum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium nuptualis Forel, 1913
• Monomorium occidaneum Crawley, 1922
• Monomorium occidentale Bernard, 1953
• Monomorium ocellatum Arnold, 1920
• Monomorium oodnadatta Sparks
• Monomorium opacior Forel, 1913
• Monomorium opacum Forel, 1913
• Monomorium ophthalmicum Forel, 1894
• Monomorium orangiae Arnold, 1956
• Monomorium orientale Mayr, 1879
• Monomorium oscaris Forel, 1894
• Monomorium osiridis Santschi, 1915
• Monomorium pacis Forel, 1915
• Monomorium pallidipes Forel, 1910
• Monomorium pallidum Donisthorpe, 1918
• Monomorium parvinode Forel, 1894
• Monomorium paternum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium pergandei (Emery, 1893)
• Monomorium perplexum Radchenko, 1997
• Monomorium personatum Santschi, 1937
• 法老小家蟻 Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758) 小黃家蟻、法老小家蟻法老蟻
• Monomorium phoeniceum Santschi, 1927
• Monomorium phoenicium Santschi, 1927
• Monomorium phoenicum Santschi, 1927
• Monomorium pilbara Sparks
• Monomorium pilipes Mayr, 1868
• Monomorium platynode
• Monomorium platynodis Heterick
• Monomorium pulchrum Santschi, 1926
• Monomorium rabirium Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium rastractum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium rhopalocerum Emery, 1895
• Monomorium robustior Forel, 1892
• Monomorium rogeri (Mayr, 1865)
• Monomorium rosae Santschi, 1920
• Monomorium rothsteini Forel, 1902
• Monomorium rotundatum Santschi, 1920
• Monomorium rubriceps Mayr, 1876
• Monomorium rufulum Stitz, 1923
• Monomorium ruzskyi Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985
• Monomorium sagei Forel, 1902
• Monomorium sahlbergi Emery, 1898
• Monomorium sakalavum Santschi, 1928
• Monomorium salomonis (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Monomorium sanguinolentum Wheeler, 1927
• Monomorium santschii (Forel, 1905)
• Monomorium sarawatensis Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013
• Monomorium scabriceps (Mayr, 1879)
• Monomorium schultzei Forel, 1910
• Monomorium schurri Forel, 1902
• Monomorium sculpturatum Clark, 1934
• Monomorium sechellense Emery, 1894
• Monomorium senegalense Roger, 1862
• Monomorium sersalatum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium setuliferum Forel, 1910
• Monomorium shilohense Forel, 1913
• Monomorium shuckardi Forel, 1895
• Monomorium silvestrii Wheeler, 1927
• Monomorium smithii Forel, 1892
• Monomorium sommieri Emery, 1908
• Monomorium sordidum Forel, 1902
• Monomorium spatulicorne Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926
• Monomorium spectrum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium speculiceps
• Monomorium speculum Sparks
• Monomorium speluncarum Santschi, 1914
• Monomorium springvalense Forel, 1913
• Monomorium sryetum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium stagnum Sparks
• Monomorium stictonotum
• Monomorium strangulatum Santschi, 1921
• Monomorium striatifrons
• Monomorium subapterum Wheeler, 1917
• Monomorium subcoecum Emery, 1894
• Monomorium subdentatum Forel, 1913
• Monomorium subopacum (Smith, 1858)
• Monomorium suteri Forel, 1892
• Monomorium sutu Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium sydneyense Forel, 1902
• Monomorium symmotu Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium syriacum (Tohme, 1980)
• Monomorium tablense Santschi, 1932
• Monomorium taedium Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium talbotae DuBois, 1981
• Monomorium talpa Emery, 1911
• Monomorium tambourinense
• Monomorium tanysum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium taprobanae Forel, 1913
• Monomorium tchelichofi Forel, 1914
• Monomorium tenebrosum Sparks
• Monomorium termitarium Forel, 1910
• Monomorium termitobium Forel, 1892
• Monomorium thrascoleptum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium topend Sparks
• Monomorium torrens Sparks
• Monomorium torvicte Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium trageri DuBois, 1986
• Monomorium trake Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium tricolor Emery, 1914
• Monomorium triviale Wheeler, 1906
• Monomorium tumaire Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
• Monomorium turneri (Forel, 1910)
• Monomorium tynsorum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium vaguum Santschi, 1930
• Monomorium valtinum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium vatranum Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium vecte Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium venustum (Smith, 1858)
• Monomorium versicolor Heterick
• Monomorium viator Santschi, 1923
• Monomorium viride Brown, 1943
• Monomorium vitiense Mann, 1921
• Monomorium vonatu Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium wahibiense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
• Monomorium westi Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium wheelerorum DuBois, 1986
• Monomorium whitei Wheeler, 1915
• Monomorium willowmorense Bolton, 1987
• Monomorium wilsoni
• Monomorium wroughtoni Forel, 1902
• Monomorium wroughtonianum Ettershank, 1966
• Monomorium xanthognathum Arnold, 1944
• Monomorium xuthosoma Heterick
• 織女小家蟻 Monomorium zhinu Terayama, 2009
• Monomorium zulu Santschi, 1914