Chiáu

Chiáu-á sī sio-hoeh, ē pàng-nn̄g ê chek-chui tōng-bu̍t, chú-iàu ê te̍k-teng sī ū ú (feather), ū chò si̍t iōng--ê chêng-pì (forelimb), it-poaⁿ ū khang-sim ê kut-thâu. Chiáu-lūi siōng sè khó-pí kûn-thâu-bú (phang-chhek/hummingbird), siōng toā chhan-chhiūⁿ nâ-kiû kiû-oân (tô-chiáu, Emu) hiah lò.

?Chiáu
Malurus cyaneus (chiáu-kiáⁿ)
Hoà-chio̍h hoān-ûi
Late Jurassic - Recent
Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi
Kài: Animalia Mn̂g: Chordata A-mn̂g: Vertebrata (bô hun-kip) Archosauria Kong: Aves Linnaeus, 1758
Ba̍k
Khoàⁿ loē-bûn.

Hun-lūi kap chìn-hòa

Chiàu Jacques Gauthier ê gián-kiù, chiáu-lūi ū 4 khoán hō͘-siōng chhiong-tu̍t ê tēng-gī.^[1] Chêng 3 hāng sī khah ū būn-tê ê tēng-gī, chia 4 hāng hun-pia̍t sī:

1. Chiáu-lūi sī chú-liông-lūi (archosaur) lāi-bīn ū ú-mô͘ ê sin-chìn-chiá.
2. Chiáu-lūi sī ē-tàng poe--ê.
3. Chiau-lūi sī só͘-ū khah óa chiáu khah bô óa kho̍k-hî--ê.
4. Chiáu-lūi sī só͘-ū hiān-chûn chiáu-á kap in āu-sì ê kiōng-tông ê chó͘-chian.

Tē 4 hāng sī chi̍t khoán Gauthier thê-chhut ê hun-lūi tēng-gī:

Ha̍k-kài tùi chiáu-lūi bô goân-choân it-tì ê hun-lūi. Charles Sibley kap Jon Ahlquist (1990 nî) ê Chiáu ê Hūn-lūi kap Hē-thóng-lūn (Phylogeny and Classification of Birds) sī tùi chiáu-lūi hun-lūi ê tiòng-iàu tì-chok.^[2] Chiàu it-poaⁿ chèng-kù, in-ê bo̍k sī hông jīn-ûi chèng-khak--ê,^[3] chóng--sī bo̍k chi kan ê koan-hē iá koh siū ha̍k-chiá cheng-lūn.

Ē-té sī tùi hiān-tāi chiáu-lūi kun-kù Jarvis, E.D. et al. (2014) tùi 48-ê tāi-piáu bu̍t-chéng ê choân ûi-thoán-thé tēng-sū (whole genome sequencing) gián-kiù^[4] kap pō͘-hūn Yury, T. et al. (2013) ^[5] chū-liāu chè-chō ê chi̍t khoán chhin-oân koan-hē tô͘:

Chiáu

Palaeognathae Struthioniformes (tô-chiáu) Notopalaeognathae Rheiformes (rheas) †Dinornithiformes (moas)tóng-àn:Extinct birds (Plate 41) Megalapteryx didinus.png †Lithornithiformes Tinamiformes (tinamous) Novaeratitae Casuariiformes (emus & cassowaries) Apterygiformes (kiwi) †Aepyornithiformes (chhiūⁿ-chiáu) Neognathae Galloanserae Galliformes (chicken, grouse, turkeys, etc.) Odontoanserae †Pelagornithidae Anserimorphae †Gastornithiformes Anseriformes (ah, gô, kap thian-gô) Neoaves Columbea Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) Podicipediformes (grebes) Columbimorphae Columbiformes (hún-chiáu kap dodo) Mesitornithiformes (mesites) Pteroclidiformes (sandgrouses) Passerea Cypselomorphae (hummingbirds, swifts) Otidimorphae Cuculiformes (cuckoos) Otidiformes (bustards) Musophagiformes (turacos) Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin) Cursorimorphae Gruiformes (rails and cranes) Charadriiformes (gulls, auks, shorebirds, waders) Aequornithes (loons, khiā-gô, herons, pelicans, storks, etc) Eurypygimorphae Eurypygiformes (sunbittern, kagu) Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) Telluraves Afroaves Accipitrimorphae Cathartiformes (condors and New World vultures) Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, Old World vultures etc.) Strigiformes (owls) Coraciimorphae Coliiformes (mousebirds) Eucavitaves Leptosomatiformes (cuckoo roller) Cavitaves Trogoniformes (trogons) Picocoraciae Bucerotiformes (hornbills, hoopoe and wood hoopoes) Coraciformes (kingfishers etc.) Piciformes (woodpeckers, toucans etc.) Australaves Cariamiformes (seriemas, terror birds etc) Eufalconimorphae Falconiformes (falcons) Psittacopasserae Psittaciformes (parrots) Passeriformes (songbirds and kin)

Hun-pò͘

Chiáu-lūi seng-oa̍h tī tōa-pō͘-hūn ê lio̍k-tē, tí chhit ê tāi-lio̍k lóng ū chûn-chāi, siâng óa lâm-pêng ê chéng-lūi sī Lâm-kek-chiu hióng lōe-lio̍k 440 kong-lí ū cho̍k-kûn ê Pagodroma nivea.^[6] Jia̍t-tāi só͘-chāi sī chiáu-lūi ê to-iūⁿ-sèng (biodiversity) siāng hoat-ta̍t ê tē-khu.

Kái-phò-ha̍k

Chiáu ê kun-keh cho͘-sêng sī chin khin ê kut-thâu, lāi-bīn hâm ē-táng ji̍p khong-khì, kap ho͘-khip hē-thóng sio chiap ê khang-phāng.^[7]