美国学者“威廉·福克斯韦尔·奥尔布赖特”(William F. Albright,1891-1971)和“弗兰克·摩尔·克罗斯”[4]认为,由于诺拉石的发现,撒丁岛就是腓尼基铭文所提到的他施[5]。克罗斯在解读铭文后理解到,它所指的他施就是撒丁岛[6],最近对碎银窖藏(hacksilver hoards)的研究也支持为撒丁岛的观点。
公元1世纪的弗拉维奥·约瑟夫斯(在《古代犹太人》第6章第1节中)读作“塔尔舒什”(Tarshush),将它确定为小亚细亚南部的“塔尔苏斯城”,后来有人将其等同于以撒哈顿统治时期亚述记录中提到的“他施”,因为腓尼基铭文是在奇里乞亚的卡拉泰佩(Karatepe)发现的[10]。德国外交官及学者“克里斯亭·查尔斯·约西亚·冯·本生”(Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen)和英国亚述学及语言学家“阿奇柏德·亨利·赛斯”(Archibald Henry Sayce)[11]似乎与约瑟夫斯的观点一致,但腓尼基人活跃在很多出产金属的地区。一些古典作家、圣经作者,当然还有提到他施的诺拉石,一般都认为腓尼基人扩张的目的就是为了攫取地中海西部的金属。
汤普森(Thompson)和斯卡格斯(Skaggs)[7]认为,以撒哈顿(AsBbE)的阿卡德铭文表明,他施是黎凡特以西很远的一座岛屿(而非沿海区)。2003年,克里斯汀·玛丽·汤普森(Christine Marie Thompson)发现了西约旦(Cisjordan)文物,这是以色列和巴勒斯坦(Cisjordan)地区一批较集中的碎银窖藏(hacksilber)。该批文物的历史可追溯到公元前1200年至公元前586年,这些窖藏物都以白银为主。最大的窖藏出土于“以实提摩”(Eshtemo'a),即今天希伯伦以南12公里处的阿斯萨穆城(as-Samu),里面有26公斤的银,主要为公元前1200-公元前800年腓尼基地区的器物。在当代地中海地区,还没有如此集中地出土过年代范围与所罗门王(公元前990-931年)和推罗希兰王(公元前980-947年)统治期间相重叠的银器。
英国埃及学教授“彼得·勒佩奇·雷诺夫”爵士(Peter le Page Renouf,1822年-1897年)[18]认为“他施”是指海岸,由于该词经常与推罗一道出现,因此,应理解为“腓尼基海岸”。
图伦尼亚人或伊特鲁里亚人
托马斯·凯利·谢恩(Thomas Kelly Cheyne,1841年-1915年)认为《创世纪》第10章4节中的“他施”(Tarshish)和《创世纪》第10章2节中的“提拉”(Tiras),其实是一个国家源自二个不同族群的名字,可能是指图伦尼亚人(Tyrsenians)或伊特鲁里亚人(Etruscans)[19]。
英国
一些19世纪的解经学者坚信他施是英国,如阿尔弗雷德·约翰·邓金(Alfred John Dunkin)曾声称“他施证明是英国”(1844年);乔治·史密斯(George Smith,1850年)[20]、詹姆斯·沃利斯(James Wallis)和大卫·金(David King)的《英国千年征兆》(The British Millennial Harbinger,1861年);约翰·阿尔杰农·克拉克(John Algernon Clarke,1862年)和俄亥俄州的乔纳森·珀金斯·韦耶(Jonathan Perkins Weethee)[21]。这种观点源于这样一个事实,据记载,他施曾是一位买卖康沃尔郡所开采锡、银、金、铅的商人[22],今天的一些基督教派信众仍称之为“他施商人”。
东南非
十九世纪爱尔兰天主教会语言学家“奥古斯都·亨利·基恩”(Augustus Henry Keane,1833年-1912的)认为他施是“索法拉”(Sofala),《圣经》中以“哈腓拉 ”(Havilah)之地为中心的大津巴布韦周边地区[23]。
Thompson, C.M.; Skaggs, S. King Solomon’s silver?: Southern Phoenician hacksilber hoards and the location of Tarshish'. Internet Archaeology. 2013. doi:10.11141/ia.35.6. 35.
Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon. Tarshish. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy La nd. New York and London: Continuum: 494. 2001. ISBN 0-8264-1316-1.
William Parkin - 1837 "Festus Avinus says expressly that Cadiz was Tarshish. This agrees perfectly with the statement of Ibn Hankal, who no doubt reports the opinion of the Arabian geographers, that Phoenicia maintained a direct intercourse with Britain in later ..."
Smith, George. Sacred Annals; Or, Researches into the History and Religion of Mankin[d]. 1856: 557. Heeren fully confirms this view ; shows from Strabo, that the Phenicians not only traded with Spain and Britain, but actually conducted mining operations in the former country; and is so fully satisfied of the identity of Tarshish and Spain ...
Weethee, Jonathan Perkins. The Eastern Question in Its Various Phases. 1887: 293. The expression is this: "the merchants of Tarshish, with the young lions of Tarshish". Assuming, what we have proved, that England was the ancient Tarshish, and that Great Britain is the Tarshish of Eze. xxxviii. 13, or the chief of both ...
Smith, William, Sir. A Dictionary of the Bible. 1863. the author notes how the Hebrew word for peacock is Thukki, derived from the Classical Tamil for peacock Thogkai
Aubet, M.E. (2001). The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, Trade. 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Beitzl, B. (2010). Was there a joint nautical venture on the Mediterranean Sea by Tyrian Phoenicians and Early Israelites?' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 360, 37–66.
Elat, M. (1982). Tarshish and the problem of Phoenician colonization in the western Mediterranean. Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica, 13, 55–69.
Gonzalez de Canales, F.; Serrano, L.; & Llompart, J. (2010). Tarshish and the United Monarchy of Israel. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 47, 137–164.
Hertz J.H. (1936). The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. Oxford University Press, London.
Jongbloed, D. (2009). Civilisations antédiluviennes. ed Cap Aventures
Koch, M. 1984). Tarschisch und Hispanien. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter and Co.
Lipiński, E. (2002). Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 80, Leuven. Peeters.
Lipiński, E. (2004). Itineraria Phoenicia. Studia Phoenicia, XVIII, Leuven: Peeters.
Muhly, J.D. (1998). Copper, tin, silver, and iron: The search for metallic ores as an incentive for foreign expansion. [In] Gitin, et al. [Eds.] Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: 13th to early 10th centuries BC. In Honor of Professor Trude Dothan, 314-329. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
Schmidt, B. (ed.) (2007). The Quest for Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Thompson, C.M. & Skaggs, S. (2013). King Solomon's silver?: Southern Phoenician hacksilber hoards and the location of Tarshish. Internet Archaeology, (35). doi:10.11141/ia.35.6
Thompson, C.M. (2003). Sealed silver in Iron Age Cisjordan and the 'invention' of coinage. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 22(1), 67–107.
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