根据世界动物卫生组织《陆生动物卫生法典》(TAHC),动物福利是指,与动物生死状况相关的生理、心理状态,以科学为基础,并采用五大自由推动相关福利,作为动物健康与食品安全之依据。世界动物卫生组织(OIE)于1924年成立,主要任务为制定国际贸易动物卫生标准,使世界贸易组织(WTO)有法可依。2004年,世界动物卫生组织首次召开全球动物福利会议,并在隔年出版《世界动物卫生组织动物福利标准》(OIE Standards on Animal Welfare),供会员国使用。[17]
〈应用动物福利科学(Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science)〉[22]
雪梨大学博士生亚历山德拉·格林在《科学报告(Scientific Reports)》发表了一篇论文,证实乳牛发出声音有其意义。格林的指导教授 Cameron Clark 表示,此研究具有启发性,可创建属于牛的Google翻译。格林表示:“我们希望通过了解这些声音,农民能够调适牛的情绪状态,借此改善动物福利。通过了解这些声音特征,农民就可以识别出牛群中,可能需要特别注意的动物。”而研究最后也呼吁农民将有关乳牛声音的知识纳入日常饲养方式。[38]
亚历山德拉历经5个月、数百小时的时间,使用麦克风记录18头荷尔斯泰因牛(Holstein-Friesian)的声音,共采集到333个声音样本,再前往法国圣艾蒂安(Saint-Etienne)与生物声学家 David Reby 与 Livio Favaro 合作,藉以分析声音特征,进一步比较不同乳牛语句结构的差异。研究主要设定了5种情境,分别是:‘发情期’、‘等待饲料前’、‘被拒绝喂食’、‘被迫与其他牛群隔开’、‘与其他牛群隔开且无法看见对方’;前2种情境被归类为“正面情绪(Positively valenced)”;后3种则是“负面情绪(Negatively valenced)”。结果显示,乳牛的声音表现在上述情境皆属稳定,并可展现兴奋、激励、求欢或苦恼……等情绪,以便与其他牛群保持联系。[38]
当前全球渔业都面临天然资源下降、渔获量减少的问题,唯独养殖渔业的比例提高、产量上升,因此国际间越来越重视养殖渔业的饲养方式,以及鱼是否受到良好的福利对待。时至今日,水生动物福利在执行上仍有诸多难处,产业端和消费市场也尚未达成共识。台湾动物社会研究会坦言:“当面对鱼类等水生动福问题时,与过去讨论哺乳动物的动福议题,社会有着很不同的回响。”虽然鱼类属于脊椎动物,但大众普遍对其较不了解,让水生动物福利的推展进度相对缓慢。世界动物卫生组织(OIE)《水生动物健康法典》(Aquatic Animal Health Code)[69]明定鱼类、两生类、甲壳类与软体动物……等,应皆受动物福利保障,改善鱼的福利,甚至能增加产能、更提升经济效益。[37]
美国
主要法规为美国农业部《动物福利法》(Animal Welfare Act, 2013)[70],规范动物为鸟类、哺乳类为主,不包含变温动物,USDA 于 2003 年发布《鱼类福利信息资源》(Information resource on Fish Welfare)[71](包含其他水生无脊椎动物)之动物福利论述与文献资源整理。并于官网上发布实验用水生动物,如非洲爪蟾(水生蛙)、斑马鱼与其他动物的动物福利指标。两生类与鱼类尚未被纳入《动物福利法》中,因此违反动物福利的行为尚未有罚则。[72]
澳大利亚
主要法规为《动物护理与保护法》(Animal Care and Protection Act, 2001)[73],规范动物为所有脊椎动物与头足类动物,遵循准则为世界动物卫生组织、世界动物保护组织以及欧盟的《福利品质》(Welfare Quality)[74]。澳洲联邦法律订有《澳大利亚动物福利标准与准则》(Australian Animal Welafre Standards and Guidelines)[75]。但各省步调并不一致,仅昆士兰、塔斯马尼亚、维多利亚,以及新南威尔士省的法律将鱼类纳入动物福利法规管理。然而澳洲对于可被饲养之本土物种与外来观赏物种的规范相当严格,所以其管理方式是严格控管外来观赏物种输入,对于动物福利规范的执行强度则较低。[72]
在这之前的动物育种,主要为了提供上流社会展示会的观赏动物,讲究争奇斗艳的外观,要求有品种协会登录血统纯正的系谱,因为这保证其后代可以保持和父母一样的外貌。“纯种才是最好”的迷思就一直流传到现在,其实纯种体弱多病,再加上许多“可爱”的外貌都是健康的负担。目前纯种狗的育种也是现代动保人士最关心的问题之一(Rooney and Sargan 2009)。
Ute Knierim: Beurteilung der Tiergerechtheit – Konzepte und Begriffsdefinitionen (Begleittexte zum Vortrag, online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)), S. 3–5. Vgl. Ute Knierim: Grundsätzliche ethologische Überlegungen zur Beurteilung der Tiergerechtheit bei Nutztieren. In: Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 109, 2002, S. 261–266.
Richard Martin’s Act. BRANCH: Britain, Representation, and Nineteenth-Century History. [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). On 22 July 1822, Richard Martin’s Act — or the “Act to prevent the cruel and improper treatment of Cattle” — becomes law in Parliament.
The History of the RSPCA. Michigan State University College of Law. 1972 [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-05) (英语). Resolved also : That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc.- etc, consisting of the following Gentlemen: T F Buxton Esqr. MP, Richard Martin Esqr., MP, Sir James Graham, L B Allen Esqr., C C Wilson Esqr., Jno. Brogden Esqr., Alderman Brydges, A E Kendal Esqr., E Lodge Esqr., J Martin Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr.
The origins & history of the RSPCA. RSPCA. [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-04) (英语). Back then we were the SPCA - Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Royal patronage followed in 1837 and Queen Victoria gave permission to add the royal R in 1840, making us the RSPCA as we're known worldwide today.
Our role in enforcing the law. RSPCA. [2020-06-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-14) (英语). RSPCA member Societies enforce state and territory animal welfare legislation through their Inspectorate functions. Where incidences of animal cruelty or animal welfare concerns are reported, our Inspectors have the power to investigate and prosecute those involved.
Tina Conklin. The Five Freedoms: A history lesson in animal care and welfare. Michigan State University. 2019-09-06 [2020-06-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-27) (英语). To understand the importance of the Five Freedoms and why there were developed, let’s turn back to 1964 when Ruth Harrison, a British woman, wrote “Animal Machines.” The book described intensive livestock and poultry farming practices of the time. The outcry of the British public regarding the information in the book prompted the British government to appoint a committee to look into the welfare of farm animals. In 1965, the committee, chaired by professor Roger Brambell presented the 85-page “Report of the Technical Committee to Inquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems,” which became known as “The Brambell Report.”
X Manteca. WHAT IS ANIMAL WELFARE?(PDF). FAWEC. 2012-06-01 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2020-09-23) (英语). In accordance with the ‘Five Freedoms’ principle, an animal’s welfare is ensured when the following five conditions are met (FAWC, 1992; 1993)
Melissa Logan. 1 – Freedom from Thirst and Hunger. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-03 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). How much food and water does the animal in your care need? The answer to this question depends on a number of factors. The species of the animal, their age, size, health status, and activity level are all factors that can affect how much they should be eating and drinking. Older dogs, for example should be eating less food than younger dogs, because they aren’t as active, and young puppies need to eat a lot of food so that they can grow, run and play. In addition, a cow that has a calf needs to drink a lot of water so that they can supply enough milk to their calf, whereas a cow without a calf doesn’t have to drink as much.
Melissa Logan. 2 – Freedom from Discomfort. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-10 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). What is considered to be a comfortable resting area? Well, it depends! Different animal species vary in how they feel comfortable. For example, dogs might be perfectly happy resting on a dog bed on the floor, and cats may prefer to rest on the top level of a cat tree, or even in a box where they feel hidden and safe. Large animals like cows prefer to rest in areas with at least enough space to be able to lie down, turn around, and get back up again. They also like areas that are cushioned, so that its more comfortable and they don’t hurt their knees. Cold blooded animal such as snakes and lizards like the ability to rest under the glow of the sun or a heat lamp. Some animals like rabbits, rats, and hamsters feel most safe resting in hide boxes where they can’t be easily seen.
Melissa Logan. 3- Freedom from Pain, Injury, and Disease. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-17 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). Veterinarians have special training that helps them determine what is causing pain in animals, which is a pretty tough job since animals can’t tell them what hurts! Once they know what is causing the pain, they can treat the animal, helping them to feel better. Just like people need to visit doctors, animals require checkups from their veterinarian! Going to the veterinarian on a regular basis will keep your pet healthy as it allows the veterinarian to find problems before they become troublesome. By catching problems before they start, your pet has a better chance to stay healthy. In fact, taking your pet to the veterinarian to get vaccinated is a very important part of being a responsible pet owner. Certain diseases, like rabies are quite contagious and can make animals very sick.
Melissa Logan. 4- Freedom from Fear and Distress. Alberta SPCA. 2017-05-26 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). Just like humans, animals are also able to experience fear. Fear is not only unpleasant, but it can also have an impact on an animal’s health. An animal that is constantly exposed to conditions that make them fearful will experience poor mental and physical health. Mentally, the animal will become very alert and will regularly feel overwhelmed and worried. Physically, the animal may experience digestion issues, heart problems, and difficulty sleeping and eating. It’s important that we treat animals well and provide them with conditions that prevent them from feeling fear.
Melissa Logan. 5 – Freedom to Express Normal Behavior. Alberta SPCA. 2017-06-06 [2020-06-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (英语). What is considered to be “normal” behavior varies from species to species. For example, coprophagy, the act of eating feces, is a very normal and essential behavior in rabbits however, it would be considered an abnormal behavior for cats. Similarly, chattering, the act of making a chirping sound at birds, is a completely normal behavior in cat but it would be considered an odd behavior if a horse was found chattering at birds! Therefore, it is important to do your research on what is considered normal behavior for your animal species. By knowing what your animal’s normal behavior is and allowing them to express it, you will be helping to improve their well-being. In addition, knowing what is an abnormal behavior for your animal will allow you to recognize when something is wrong, whether it is a result of stress, sickness, or general discontent.
朱增宏. 動物福利普世宣言(UNIVERSAL DECLARATION FOR THE WELFARE OF ANIMALS). 台湾动物社会研究会. 2001-06-01 [2020-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18) (中文(台湾)). PROCLAIMS this Universal Declaration for the Welfare of Animals as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to strive by all appropriate means to promote respect for these principles and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance.
Peter Singer. Moral Progress and Animal Welfare. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2011-07-14 [2020-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-13) (英语). In light - perhaps one should say darkness - of such images, it is sometimes suggested that animal welfare is exclusively a Western concern. But that is implausible, given that Buddhist tradition places more emphasis on concern for animals than Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. Long before Western philosophers included animals in their ethics, Chinese philosophers like Zhuangzi said that love should permeate relations not only between humans, but between all sentient beings. Nowadays, China has its own animal-rights campaigners, and there are signs that their message is beginning to be heard.
What are the animal welfare issues with sow stalls and farrowing crates?. RAPCA. 2020-02-06 [2020-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26) (英语). A sow stall, also known as a gestation stall, is a metal-barred crate that houses a single sow for part of her 16‑week pregnancy. A standard sow stall is just 2m long and 60cm wide. This is just enough space for the sow to stand up in, but she cannot turn around and can only take a short step forward or back. The floor of the stall is usually concrete, with a slat-covered trench for manure at the rear. The Australian pig industry has committed to voluntarily phasing out sow stalls after the first 5 days following mating (where the sow is confined to a mating stall) in favour of group housing for pregnant sows. It is estimated that around 80% of pregnant sows in Australia are now group housed. Where sow stalls are still in place, regulation requires that they not be used for more than 6 weeks in any gestation (pregnancy) period.
Better Chicken. Compassion in World Farming International. [2020-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-21) (英语). Iconic chicken brand, KFC has publicly committed to sourcing their chicken to higher welfare standards by 2026, in the UK, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden and Germany.
Scott Sechler. Introducing Das Klassenbester™ Chickens!. Bell&Evans. 2018-02-13 [2020-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-31) (英语). We recently shared BIG news with the poultry industry – 100% of our chickens are transitioning to a higher-welfare, slower-growing breed by the end of 2018, which will result in a better quality, more flavorful product! We named our new, proprietary breed “Das Klassenbester” for its European descent and premium, best-in-class genetics. Our first Das Klassenbester chicks hatched on 12/1/17 and were transported to our farms on 12/4/17. Now that we’re in the midst of transitioning and people are asking me some wonderful questions, I thought I could answer a few of those questions here. Also, check the “Our Farms” tab of the website, where we are tracking our progress and illustrating some of the differences of our new breed.
Aquatic Animal Health Code. OIE. 2019 [2020-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-18) (英语). The OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code (the Aquatic Code) provides standards for the improvement of aquatic animal health worldwide. It also includes standards for the welfare of farmed fish and use of antimicrobial agents in aquatic animals. The sanitary measures in the Aquatic Code should be used by the Competent Authorities of importing and exporting countries for the prevention, early detection, reporting and control of pathogenic agents in aquatic animals (amphibians, crustaceans, fish and molluscs) and to prevent their spread via international trade in aquatic animals and their products, while avoiding unjustified sanitary barriers to trade.
Animal Welfare Act. USDA National Agricultural Library. 2013-01-10 [2020-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-08) (英语). The Animal Welfare Act was signed into law in 1966. It is the only Federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. Other laws, policies, and guidelines may include additional species coverage or specifications for animal care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare Act as the minimum acceptable standard. The Act is enforced by USDA, APHIS, Animal Care.
Erickson, Heidi S. Information Resources on Fish Welfare, 2003. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultrual Library, Animal Welfare Information Center. 2003-07 [2020-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-15) (英语). ……A great deal of what we need to know regarding fish welfare is yet to be discovered as the scientific study of fish welfare is at an early stage compared to research efforts on other vertebrates (FSBI 2002). In all, these activities and research increase the knowledge base on the care and use of these species in aquaculture, fisheries, and the laboratory.
Animal Care and Protection Act 2001. Queensland. 2016-07-01 [2020-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-01) (英语). An Act to promote the responsible care and use of animals and to protect animals from cruelty, and for other purposes.
Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines. Animal Health Australia. 2020-03-23 [2020-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-15) (英语). For the past 36 years, the welfare of livestock in Australia has been supported by a series of Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals. Community values and expectations have changed, and our international trading partners have placed greater emphasis on livestock welfare. A review of the Model Codes of Practice (MCOP) in 2005 recommended they be converted into Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines.
Council Directive 98/58/EC concerning the protection of animals kept for farming purposes.. FAO, FAOLEX. 1998 [2020-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-15) (英语). This Directive lays down minimum standards for the protection of animals bred or kept for farming purposes. Member States shall make provision to ensure that the owners or keepers take all reasonable steps to ensure the welfare of animals under their care and to ensure that those animals are not caused any unnecessary pain, suffering or injury. Member States shall also ensure that the conditions under which animals (other than fish, reptiles or amphibians) are bred or kept, having regard to thei