女性主义理论

女性主义理论（英语：Feminist theory）是女性主义在理论与哲学范畴的延伸。它旨在理解性别不平等的本质。它在多个学术领域观察女性的社会角色、经验、利益和政治参与，比如人类学和社会学、传播学、精神分析学^[1]、经济学、文学、教育学、以及哲学。^[2]

女性主义理论注重分析性别不平等。女性主义探索的主题包括歧视、物化（尤其是性物化）、压迫、父权^[3]^[4]、成见、美术史^[5]、当代艺术^[6]^[7]和美学。^[8]^[9]

女性主义的历史

女性主义理论首秀于 1792 年的出版物，比如《改变世界的女人（英语：The Changing Woman）》^[10]、《我不是女人吗？（英语：Ain't I a Woman）》^[11]、《因非法投票被捕后的演讲（英语：Speech after Arrest for Illegal Voting）》^[12]等等。《改变世界的女人》是一个纳瓦霍（美国最大的印第安部落）传说，描述了一个造人的女神。^[13] 1851 年，索杰纳·特鲁思在她的演讲《我不是女人吗？》中谈论了妇女权利的问题。索杰纳·特鲁思认为女性的权利受限在于男性对女性的错误认识。她论述，如果有色女性可以完成之前被认为只限于男性的工作，那么任何肤色的女性都可以完成那些工作。1872 年，苏珊·布朗奈尔·安东尼，在她被以“非法投票”名义逮捕后，于法庭上发表了讨论宪法中用语问题的演讲《因非法投票被捕后的演讲》，诘问当局宪法的原则和其中的男性中心用语。她发问，为何女性受法律的制裁，但不受法律的保护？（女性结婚后，无法投票、拥有财产，全不自主）。她还批评宪法的男性中心文本，并质问为何女性要遵守没有包含女性的法律。

南希·柯特划下了当代女性主义和其前身（以女性投票权运动为代表）的界线。她把美国女性主义的转折点定为 1920 年女性获得投票权的前后 10 年。她论述，以前的妇女运动主要关注作为整体的全体妇女，但近 20 年时间，它转变为主要关注社会差异，注重个体和多元化。新主题更加关注女性作为一个社会结构的情况、性别认同和两性之中以及之间的关系。以政治而言，这是女性主义的意识形态从偏右翼向实质左翼的转变。^[14]

苏珊·金思莉·肯特认为弗洛伊德的父权理论导致了两次世界大战之间女性主义的式微^[15]，而另有人如茱丽叶·米歇尔则认为这种指责过于草率，因为弗洛伊德理论并不完全排斥女性主义。^[16] 一些女性主义学者从确定家庭的起源的需求，转而分析父权的形成。^[17]

引用参考

[1]
Chodorow, Nancy J., Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory (Yale University Press: 1989, 1991)
[2]
Brabeck, M. and Brown, L. (with Christian, L., Espin, O., Hare-Mustin, R., Kaplan, A., Kaschak, E., Miller, D., Phillips, E., Ferns, T., and Van Ormer, A.) 'Feminist theory and psychological practice', in J. Worell and N. Johnson (eds.) Shaping the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and practice (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997), pp.15-35
[3]
Gilligan, Carol, 'In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality' in Harvard Educational Review (1977)
[4]
Lerman, Hannah, Feminist Ethics in Psychotherapy (Springer Publishing Company, 1990) ISBN 978-0-8261-6290-8
[5]
Pollock, Griselda. Looking Back to the Future: Essays on Art, Life and Death. G&B Arts. 2001. ISBN 90-5701-132-8
[6]
de Zegher, Catherine. Inside the Visible. Massachusetts: MIT Press 1996
[7]
Armstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine. Women Artists at the Millennium. Massachusetts: October Books / MIT Press 2006. ISBN 0-262-01226-X
[8]
Arnold, Dana and Iverson, Margaret (Eds.). Art and Thought. Blackwell. 2003. ISBN 0-631-22715-6
[9]
Florence, Penny and Foster, Nicola. Differential Aesthetics. Ashgate. 2000. ISBN 0-7546-1493-X
[10]
“The Changing Woman” (Navajo Origin Myth). Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 64.
[11]
Truth, Sojourner. “Ain’t I a Woman”. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 79.
[12]
Anthony, Susan B. “Speech After Arrest for Illegal Voting”. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 91-95.
[13]
存档副本. [2014-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.
[14]
Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987
[15]
Kent, Susan Kingsley. Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain. Princeton, N.J. 1993
[16]
Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud, Reich, Laing, and Women. New York 1975
[17]
Stocking, George W. Jr. After Tylor: British Social Anthropology, 1888–1951. Madison, Wisconsin 1995

参考书籍

“Lexicon of Debates”. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 42-60.

外部链接

Evolutionary Feminism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Feminist theory website (Center for Digital Discourse and Culture, Virginia Tech)
Feminist Theories and Anthropology（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Heidi Armbruster
[1]（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Radical Women Manifesto: Socialist Feminist Theory, Program and Organizational Structure (Seattle: Red Letter Press, 2001)
Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Brown University
Feminist Theory Papers（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Brown University
The Feminist eZine（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - An Archive of Historical Feminist Articles
[2] Women, Poverty, and Economics- Facts and Figures

[Chodorow1989-1] [1]
Chodorow, Nancy J., Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory (Yale University Press: 1989, 1991)

[Brabeck&Brown-2] [2]
Brabeck, M. and Brown, L. (with Christian, L., Espin, O., Hare-Mustin, R., Kaplan, A., Kaschak, E., Miller, D., Phillips, E., Ferns, T., and Van Ormer, A.) 'Feminist theory and psychological practice', in J. Worell and N. Johnson (eds.) Shaping the future of feminist psychology: Education, research, and practice (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997), pp.15-35

[gilligan1977-3] [3]
Gilligan, Carol, 'In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and Morality' in Harvard Educational Review (1977)

[Lerman1990-4] [4]
Lerman, Hannah, Feminist Ethics in Psychotherapy (Springer Publishing Company, 1990) ISBN 978-0-8261-6290-8

[5] [5]
Pollock, Griselda. Looking Back to the Future: Essays on Art, Life and Death. G&B Arts. 2001. ISBN 90-5701-132-8

[6] [6]
de Zegher, Catherine. Inside the Visible. Massachusetts: MIT Press 1996

[7] [7]
Armstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine. Women Artists at the Millennium. Massachusetts: October Books / MIT Press 2006. ISBN 0-262-01226-X

[8] [8]
Arnold, Dana and Iverson, Margaret (Eds.). Art and Thought. Blackwell. 2003. ISBN 0-631-22715-6

[9] [9]
Florence, Penny and Foster, Nicola. Differential Aesthetics. Ashgate. 2000. ISBN 0-7546-1493-X

[10] [10]
“The Changing Woman” (Navajo Origin Myth). Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 64.

[11] [11]
Truth, Sojourner. “Ain’t I a Woman”. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 79.

[12] [12]
Anthony, Susan B. “Speech After Arrest for Illegal Voting”. Feminist Theory: A Reader. 2nd Ed. Edited by Kolmar, Wendy and Bartowski, Frances. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. 91-95.

[13] [13]
存档副本. [2014-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-17）.

[14] [14]
Cott, Nancy F. The Grounding of Modern Feminism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987

[15] [15]
Kent, Susan Kingsley. Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain. Princeton, N.J. 1993

[16] [16]
Mitchell, Juliet. Psychoanalysis and Feminism: Freud, Reich, Laing, and Women. New York 1975

[17] [17]
Stocking, George W. Jr. After Tylor: British Social Anthropology, 1888–1951. Madison, Wisconsin 1995

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