安提基特拉机械(希腊语:O μηχανισμός των Αντικυθήρων, O mēchanismós tōn Antikythērōn,或译为安梯基齐拉、安提基瑟拉、安提基西拉)是古希腊时期为了计算天体在天空中的位置而制造的青铜机器,属于模拟计算机[1][2]。该机器是于1901年在希腊安提基特拉岛附近的安提基特拉沉船里发现的[3]。该机械的制造年代约在公元前150到100年之间[4],至今已有二千多年。与此类似的复杂工艺技术直到14世纪时欧洲制造了天文钟后才重新出现[5]。
安提基特拉机械 (碎片 A – 正面); 可见的是机械中最大的齿轮,直径大约140毫米(5.5英寸)
如果西塞罗所说的是正确的,那该技术最早在公元前3世纪就已存在。阿基米德的设备也被后来的罗马作家提及,例如4到5世纪的拉克唐修(《关于上帝的教导》,Divinarum Institutionum Libri VII)、克劳狄(《In sphaeram Archimedes》)和普洛克努斯(《Commentary on the first book of Euclid's Elements of Geometry》)。
根据西塞罗所述,安提基特拉机械可能不是独一无二的。这些纪录让人更加确定在古希腊已经有复杂机械技术,而且至少有一部分技术稍后传到了同样有复杂机械技术的拜占庭帝国和伊斯兰世界,虽然在中世纪的机械比安提基特拉机械简单[24]。目前已找到一个制造于5或6世纪拜占庭帝国,和一个日晷相连接的日期齿轮的残骸;该仪器可能是做为报时辅助[25]。在伊斯兰世界中,公元9世纪早期阿拉伯帝国的哈里发委托巴努·穆萨写下的《巧妙设备之书》(Book of Ingenious Devices,暂译)。该本书描述了超过一百个机械装置,部分装置可追溯到保存在神庙中的古希腊文献。一个大约1000年时由科学家比鲁尼描述的齿轮报时机类似拜占庭帝国的装置,而一个13世纪的星盘也包含了类似的报时装置[25]。这个技术可能在中世纪时传入欧洲,并对钟表科技的发展做出了贡献[5]。
普莱斯以标题“时钟以前的发条装置”(Clockwork before the Clock)[26][27]和“发条装置的由来”(On the Origin of Clockwork)[28]发表了数篇论文。发表时间早于1959年6月出版的关于机械运作机制的第一个主要著作:“古希腊的电脑”(An Ancient Greek Computer)[29]。这是科学人的头条文章。根据亚瑟·查理斯·克拉克的书《克拉克的神秘世界》(暂译,Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World)第三章最末,该文章似乎最早是发表在亚瑟·查理斯·克拉克著作中。在“古希腊的电脑”一文中,普莱斯进一步发展其理论,并表示安提基特拉机械式计算行星和恒星运动机械,可能是世界最早的模拟计算机。在那之前对于安提基特拉机械有许多不明之处,虽然它被正确地认定是一个天文仪器,但它被认为可能是星盘。
1974年时普莱斯发表文章“来自希腊的齿轮装置:安提基特拉机械-约公元前80年的历法电脑”(Gears from the Greeks: the Antikythera mechanism—a calendar computer from ca. 80 BC)[30],在该文中他提出了安提基特拉机械的机制模式。
一个和普赖斯有差异的重建模型是由澳大利亚悉尼大学的电脑科学家艾伦·布隆莱(英语:Allan G. Bromley)和悉尼的一位钟表师法兰克·帕西瓦尔建立。布隆莱和麦可·莱特合作使用更精密的X光影像重建新的模型。
麦可·莱特
曾担任伦敦科学博物馆机械部门主管,现任职于帝国理工学院的麦可·莱特(英语:Michael T. Wright)和艾伦·布隆莱提出了对原始残骸的重新研究。他们使用了由身为退休放射科医师的顾问艾伦·柏德列治建议,使用称为线性X射线断层扫描技术。对于这一点,莱特设计了一个线性断层扫描仪器,该仪器可产生平面断层造影[31]。该研究的早期结果在1997年发表,发现普莱斯的重建有根本上的缺陷[32]。
"The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)", The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 2007-07-01 Quote: "The Antikythera Mechanism is now understood to be dedicated to astronomical phenomena and operates as a complex mechanical "computer" which tracks the cycles of the Solar System."
Washington Post (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Quote: Imagine tossing a top-notch laptop into the sea, leaving scientists from a foreign culture to scratch their heads over its corroded remains centuries later. A Roman shipmaster inadvertently did something just like it 2,000 years ago off southern Greece, experts said late Thursday.
pp. 5–8, Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B. C., Derek de Solla Price, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 64, #7 (1974), pp. 1–70.
The Guardian: Mysteries of computer from 65BC are solved (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Excerpts: This device is extraordinary, the only thing of its kind," said Professor Edmunds. "The astronomy is exactly right ... in terms of historic and scarcity value, I have to regard this mechanism as being more valuable than the Mona Lisa." and One of the remaining mysteries is why the Greek technology invented for the machine seemed to disappear.
Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 BC, Derek de Solla Price, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, 64, #7 (1974), pp. 1–70.
Wright, M T.; Bromley, A. G., & Magkou, E. Simple X-ray Tomography and the Antikythera Mechanism. PACT(Revue du groupe européen d'études pour les techniques physiques, chimiques, biologiques et mathématiques appliquées à l'archéologie or Journal of the European Study Group on Physical, Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Techniques Applied to Archaeology). 1995, 45: 531–543. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Wright, M T.; Bromley, A. G. Current Work on the Antikythera Mechanism. Proc. Conf. Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία(Ancient Greek Technology). Thessaloniki: 19–25. 4–7 September 1997. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Wright, M T.; Bromley, A. G. Towards a New Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism. Proc. Conf. Extraordinary Machines and Structures in Antiquity. Ancient Olympiai: 81–94. August 2001. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) ed. S.A. Paipetis, Peri Technon, Patras 2003.
Wright, M T. In the Steps of the Master Mechanic. Proc. Conf. Η Αρχαία Ελλάδα και ο Σύγχρονος Κόσμος(Ancient Greece and the Modern World). Ancient Olympiai: 86–97. July 2002. University of Patras 2003.
Wright, M T. Counting Months and Years: the Upper Back Dial of the Antikythera Mechanism. Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society. 2005,. 87 (December 2005) (1 (September 2005)): 8–13.
Wright, M T. Understanding the Antikythera Mechanism. Proc. Conf. Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία(Ancient Greek Technology). Athensi. October 2005.
in preparation(Preprint (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
Wright, M T., "Il meccanismo di Anticitera: l'antica tradizione dei meccanismi ad ingranaggio"(The Antikythera Mechanism: evidence for an ancient tradition of the making of geared instruments), in: E. Lo Sardo(ed.), Eureka! Il genio degli antichi, Naples, July 2005 – January 2006), Electa Napoli 2005, pp. 241 – 244.
Wright, M T. Il meccanismo di Anticitera: l'antica tradizione dei meccanismi ad ingranaggio(The Antikythera Mechanism: evidence for an ancient tradition of the making of geared instruments). Αρχαιολογία & Τέχνες. 2004,. 95 (June 2005): 54–60.
Edmunds, Mike & Morgan, Philip. The Antikythera Mechanism: Still a Mystery of Greek Astronomy. Astronomy & Geophysics. 2000, 41 (6): 6–10. Bibcode:2000A&G....41f..10E. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.41610.x. (The authors mention that an "extended account" of their researches titled "Computing Aphrodite" is forthcoming in 2001, but it does not seem to have appeared as of yet.)
Freeth, T. The Antikythera Mechanism: 1. Challenging the Classic Research. Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry. 2002, 2 (1): 21–35.
Freeth, T. The Antikyhera Mechanism: 2. Is it Posidonius’ Orrery?. Mediterranean Archeology and Archeaometry. 2002, 2 (2): 45–58.
Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y., Moussas, X., Seiradakis, J. H., Tselikas, A., Mankou, E., Zafeiropulou, M., Hadland, R., Bate, D., Ramsey, A., Allen, M., Crawley, A., Hockley, P., Malzbender, T., Gelb, D., Ambrisco, W., & Edmunds, M. G. Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism. Nature. 2006, 444 (7119): 587–591. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. PMID 17136087. doi:10.1038/nature05357. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Jones, A. The adaptation of Babylonian methods in Greek numerical astronomy. Isis. 1991, 82 (3): 440–453. doi:10.1086/355836.
Morris, L.R. Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera Mechanism: An Appreciation. IEEE Micro. 1984, 4: 15–21. doi:10.1109/MM.1984.291304.
Price, D. de S. Gears from the Greeks: The Antkythera Mechanism – A Calendar Computer from ca 80BC. Trans Am Philos. Soc., New Series. 1974, 64 (7): 1–70.
Price, D. de S. A History of Calculating Machines. IEEE Micro. 1984, 4: 22–52. doi:10.1109/MM.1984.291305.
Steele, J. M. Eclipse prediction in Mesopotamia. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 2000, 54 (5): 421–454. doi:10.1007/s004070050007.
Weinberg, G. D.; Grace, V. R., Edwards, G. R., Robinson, H. S;, Throckmorton, P., & Ralph, E. K. The Antikythera Shipwreck Reconsidered. Trans Am Philos. Soc. 1965,. 55 (New Series) (3): 3–48. JSTOR 1005929. doi:10.2307/1005929. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Zeeman, E. C.,. Gears From The Ancient Greeks. Proc. Roy. Inst. GB. 1986, 58: 137–156.(See also the slides from a lecture here [1], slide 22 is a view of how the mechanism for a model comes to replace actual reality)。
其他
Cousteau, Jacques. The Cousteau Odyssey: Diving for Roman Plunder (Tape). Warner Home Video/KCET, Los Angeles. 1978.
Rice, Rob S. Physical and Intellectual Salvage from the 1st Century BC. USNA Eleventh Naval History Symposium. Thessaloniki: 19–25. 4–7 September 1997. |year=与|date=不匹配 (帮助) see The Antikythera Mechanism (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)