战斗或逃跑反应

过度唤醒（英语：hyperarousal）、急性压力反应（英语：acute stress response）、战斗或逃跑或僵住（英语：fight-or-flight-or-freeze）、战斗或逃跑反应（英语：Fight-or-flight response）、战斗或逃跑（英语：Fight-or-flight）、战斗-逃跑-僵住-谄谀（英语：fight-flight-freeze-fawn）^[1]、战斗-逃跑-晕倒或僵住（英语：fight-flight-faint-or-freeze）^[2]等变体，是对感知到的有害事件、攻击或生存威胁做出的自然生理反应。^[3] 沃尔特·布拉德福德·坎农 (Walter Bradford Cannon) 是最初以学术方法阐述这个现象的学者之一。^[a]^[4] 他的理论指出，动物对威胁的反应是交感神经系统全面放电，为战斗或逃跑做好准备。^[5] 更具体地说，肾上腺髓质（英语：Adrenal medulla）产生激素级联反应（英语：hormonal cascade），导致儿茶酚胺分泌，尤其是去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素。^[6] 激素雌激素、睾酮和皮质醇，以及神经递质多巴胺和血清素，也会影响生物体对压力的反应。^[7] 激素骨钙素也可能起作用。^[8]^[9]

这种反应被认为是调节脊椎动物和其他生物体之间压力反应的一般适应综合征（英语：General adaptation syndrome）的第一阶段。^[10]

概述

这种应激反应的中心位于丘脑下部，包括了许多种情绪反应。丘脑下部有时被视作应激中心，因为其在紧急事件中具备双重功能：对于自主神经系统（ANS）的控制，以及对垂体腺的控制^[11]。

两性在“战斗或逃跑反应”中表现有差异：较之女性，男性更倾向于“战斗”反应；较之男性，女性更倾向于“逃跑”反应，或寻求他人帮助，或化解当前危险——“结盟与友好（英语）”。尤其是身为母亲的女性，面临紧张情况时，会尤其倾向于保护自己的子女并寻求他人帮助。^[12]

生理学

自主神经系统

自主神经控制系统无意识调节心率、消化作用、呼吸频率、瞳孔反应（英语：pupillary dilation）、排尿、性兴奋等。是控制战逃的主要机制，其作用由两个不同的组成部分介导：交感神经系统和副交感神经系统。^[13]

交感神经系统

交感神经系统源于脊髓，主要功能是激活战斗逃跑反应。^[14]系统传递下丘脑背侧信号激活心脏，增加血管阻力，增加血流量，尤其流向肌肉、心脏和脑组织的血流量。^[15]启动肾上腺髓质，释放儿茶酚胺，放大交感神经反应。此外，激活反应肾上腺释放的去甲肾上腺素。^[16]

副交感神经系统

副交感神经系统源于骶脊髓和延髓，物理围绕交感神经并与其协同工作。又称自主神经系统的镇静部分（calming portion）。^[17]

启动交感神经系统时，副交感神经系统会降低其反应。源自神经核的传出迷走神经纤维与呼吸系统平行，降低迷走神经心脏副交感神经张力。^[18]在战斗或逃跑反应后，副交感神经系统主要功能是启动休息和消化反应，恢复体内平衡。该系统利用并激活神经递质乙酰胆碱的释放。^[19]

杏仁核反应

此反应从杏仁核开始，引发下丘脑神经反应。活化脑下垂体和荷尔蒙促肾上腺皮质激素分泌。^[20]肾上腺几乎同时透过交感神经系统激活并释放荷尔蒙肾上腺素。导致荷尔蒙皮质醇产生，增加血压、血糖并抑制免疫系统。^[21]

触发反应，透过肾上腺素与肝细胞结合产生葡萄糖活化。^[22]此外，皮质醇的循环可将脂肪酸转化能量，使全身肌肉做好反应准备。^[23]

儿茶酚胺激素，如肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素可促进与准备肌肉动作相关的立即身体反应。^[24]

生理变化

以应对战斗或逃跑，增加力量和速度。一些具体的生理变化包括：^[25]^[26]^[27]

通过转移身体其他部位的血流来增加流向肌肉的血流量，从而更容易采取快速行动。
血压和心率升高会增加心输出量，以便为身体提供更多能量。
肝脏分泌的血糖（葡萄糖）和脂肪增加，为身体提供额外的燃料。
增加呼吸，提供必要氧气帮助燃烧多余的葡萄糖。
身体的凝血功能加快，以防止在反应过程中受伤时失血过多。
增加肌肉张力，以便为身体提供额外的速度和力量，这可能导致颤抖或颤抖，直到张力释放。
瞳孔放大以让更多的光线进入，从而更好地观察身体周围的环境。

情感成分

情绪调节

会主动使用情绪调节避免压力威胁或控制情绪唤起的水平。^[28]^[29]

情绪反应

认知成分

容度特异性

控制感

社会信息处理

动物

演化

进化心理学的一种解释是，早期动物必须对威胁性刺激迅速作出反应，没有时间在心理和身体上做好准备。战斗或逃跑反应为它们提供了快速应对生存威胁的机制。

斑马与狮子

孔雀鱼与鲈鱼

老鼠

冷血动物

其它

参见

应激
焦虑
焦虑症
装死
Body reactivity（英语：Body reactivity）
因应 (心理学)
Defense physiology（英语：Defense physiology）
Domestication of the dog（英语：Domestication of the dog）
Emotional dysregulation（英语：Emotional dysregulation）
Freezing behavior（英语：Freezing behavior）
广泛性焦虑症
Escape distance（英语：Escape distance）
下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴
恐慌发作
恐惧症
副交感神经
社交焦虑
社交恐惧症
Tend and befriend（英语：Tend and befriend）
The Relaxation Response（英语：The Relaxation Response）
血管收缩
耶基斯–多德森定律
Reflex syncope（英语：Reflex syncope）
过度警觉

注脚

[a]
坎农在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage（1915年，第一版）页211 提到了“战斗或逃跑的必需品”（"the necessities of fighting or flight"）。

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[3]
Cannon, Walter. Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company. 1932. ISBN 978-0393002058.
[4]
Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915: 211.
[5]
Jansen, A; Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M. Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response. Science Magazine. 27 October 1995, 5236 (270): 644–6. Bibcode:1995Sci...270..644J. PMID 7570024. S2CID 38807605. doi:10.1126/science.270.5236.644.
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Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915.
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Schmidt, A; Thews, G. Autonomic Nervous System. Janig, W (编). Human Physiology 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. 1989: 333–370.
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Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal. Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2015, 23 (4): 263–287 [2024-03-15]. ISSN 1067-3229. PMC 4495877 . PMID 26062169. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065. （原始内容存档于2024-06-21）.
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Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal. Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2015, 23 (4): 263–287 [2024-03-15]. ISSN 1067-3229. PMC 4495877 . PMID 26062169. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065. （原始内容存档于2024-06-21）.
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Chudler, Eric. Neuroscience For Kids. University of Washington. [19 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-03-27）.
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Henry Gleitman, Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg. Psychology 6. W. W. Norton & Company. 2004. ISBN 978-0-393-97767-7.
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Stress Management for Health Course. The Fight Flight Response. [19 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-20）.
[26]
Olpin, Michael. The Science of Stress. Weber State University. [2013-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-20）.
[27]
Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan. Psychology 13. MacMillan Publishing. 2021: 422.
[28]
Cistler, Josh; Bunmi O. Olatunji; Matthew T. Feldner; John P. Forsyth. Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2010, 32 (1): 68–82. PMC 2901125 . PMID 20622981. doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9161-1.
[29]
Gross, James. Sharpening the Focus: Emotion Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence. Psychological Inquiry. 1998, 9 (4): 287–290. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_8.

[4] [a]
坎农在其著作Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage（1915年，第一版）页211 提到了“战斗或逃跑的必需品”（"the necessities of fighting or flight"）。

[fawn-1] [1]
Walker, Peter. Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving : a Guide and Map for Recovering from Childhood Trauma. 2013. ISBN 9781492871842.

[2] [2]
Donahue, J.J. Zeigler-Hill, V.; Shackelford, T.K. , 编. Fight-Flight-Freeze System. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. 2020: 1590–1595. ISBN 978-3-319-24610-9. S2CID 240856695. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_751.

[Cannon_-_Fight_or_Flight_Response-3] [3]
Cannon, Walter. Wisdom of the Body. United States: W.W. Norton & Company. 1932. ISBN 978-0393002058.

[5] [4]
Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915: 211.

[Jansen_-_Intro_fight_or_flight_physiology-6] [5]
Jansen, A; Nguyen, X; Karpitsky, V; Mettenleiter, M. Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response. Science Magazine. 27 October 1995, 5236 (270): 644–6. Bibcode:1995Sci...270..644J. PMID 7570024. S2CID 38807605. doi:10.1126/science.270.5236.644.

[7] [6]
Walter Bradford Cannon. Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1915.

[8] [7]
Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine: The Three Major Stress Hormones, Explained. Huffington Post. April 19, 2014 [16 August 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-06）.

[9] [8]
Kwon, Diana. Fight or Flight May Be in Our Bones. Scientific American. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-21）（英语）.

[10] [9]
Bone, not adrenaline, drives fight or flight response. phys.org. [2020-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-21）（英语）.

[Pathology_-_Theory_Medical_Student's_Library-11] [10]
Gozhenko, A; Gurkalova, I.P.; Zukow, W; Kwasnik, Z. PATHOLOGY – Theory. Medical Student's Library. Radom. 2009: 270–275.

[12] [11]
《心理学与生活》（Psychology and life），Richard Gerrig / Philip Zimbardo，ISBN 9787115111302，人民邮电出版社，2003-10，P363

[13] [12]
Shelley Elizabeth Taylor, LC Klein, BP Lewis. "Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight". Psychological Review. Retrieved 2010-10-04. "First described by Walter Cannon in 1932, the fight-or-flight response is characterized physiologically by sympathetic nervous system activation that innervates the adrenal medulla, producing a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially ..."

[Human_Physiology_-_Janig-14] [13]
Schmidt, A; Thews, G. Autonomic Nervous System. Janig, W (编). Human Physiology 2. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. 1989: 333–370.

[:2-15] [14]
Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan. Psychology 13. MacMillan Publishing. 2021: 422.

[:02-16] [15]
Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal. Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2015, 23 (4): 263–287 [2024-03-15]. ISSN 1067-3229. PMC 4495877 . PMID 26062169. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065. （原始内容存档于2024-06-21）.

[Autonomic_Nervous_System_-_Chudler2-17] [16]
Chudler, Eric. Neuroscience For Kids. University of Washington. [19 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-03-27）.

[:22-18] [17]
Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan. Psychology 13. MacMillan Publishing. 2021: 422.

[:03-19] [18]
Kozlowska, Kasia; Walker, Peter; McLean, Loyola; Carrive, Pascal. Fear and the Defense Cascade: Clinical Implications and Management. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2015, 23 (4): 263–287 [2024-03-15]. ISSN 1067-3229. PMC 4495877 . PMID 26062169. doi:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000065. （原始内容存档于2024-06-21）.

[Autonomic_Nervous_System_-_Chudler-20] [19]
Chudler, Eric. Neuroscience For Kids. University of Washington. [19 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-03-27）.

[ACTH_Action-21] [20]
Margioris, Andrew; Tsatsanis, Christos. ACTH Action on the Adrenal. Endotext.org. April 2011 [18 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于6 March 2013）.

[physiological_reactions_-_Padgett_&_Glaser-22] [21]
Padgett, David; Glaser, R. How stress influences the immune response. Trends in Immunology. August 2003, 24 (8): 444–448. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.467.1386 . PMID 12909458. doi:10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00173-X.

[Glycogen_Metabolism_-_King-23] [22]
King, Michael. PATHWAYS: GLYCOGEN & GLUCOSE. Washington University in St. Louis. [2024-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-03）.

[Cell_Communication_in_Fight_or_Flight-24] [23]
HOW CELLS COMMUNICATE DURING THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE. University of Utah. [18 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于8 August 2013）.

[gleitman-25] [24]
Henry Gleitman, Alan J. Fridlund and Daniel Reisberg. Psychology 6. W. W. Norton & Company. 2004. ISBN 978-0-393-97767-7.

[Physiological_Changes_-_Tripod2-26] [25]
Stress Management for Health Course. The Fight Flight Response. [19 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-20）.

[The_Science_of_Stress_-_Olpin2-27] [26]
Olpin, Michael. The Science of Stress. Weber State University. [2013-04-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-20）.

[:23-28] [27]
Myers, David G.; DeWall, C. Nathan. Psychology 13. MacMillan Publishing. 2021: 422.

[Emotional_Regulation_-_Cistler-29] [28]
Cistler, Josh; Bunmi O. Olatunji; Matthew T. Feldner; John P. Forsyth. Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 2010, 32 (1): 68–82. PMC 2901125 . PMID 20622981. doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9161-1.

[Emotional_Regulation_-_Gross-30] [29]
Gross, James. Sharpening the Focus: Emotion Regulation, Arousal, and Social Competence. Psychological Inquiry. 1998, 9 (4): 287–290. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_8.

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