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投票过程中,废票是投票人投出后,被投票统计部门认定无效,因而不算入结果的票纸。废票可以由故意或无意的原因产生。原因包括:
- 没有填完,例如空白票。
- 未按规定填写,例如规定须按顺序填写1-2-3,投票人却填了1-2-4或1-3-3。
- 过度填写,例如规定只能选一个选项,投票人却选了两个选项。
- 内容不清,无法辨认投票人的选项。
- 票纸残损,特别是在机器计票的投票中。
- 填入其他额外内容,例如在不记名投票中写上投票人名字。
- 投票者本身不符合投票资格。
选票设计的宗旨之一是减少废票,较简单、易懂的选票设计较能减少废票。但同时,在投票作弊可能性较高的地方,也需要保护票纸不被他人故意作废。
投票人本人也可能故意投出废票,例如出于对所有选项不满的原因,或抗议整个投票机制(例如强制投票),或对投票议题没有意见、不感兴趣等。
各国的各种投票规则中一般会规定认定废票的规则,有些情况下(例如在投放票纸时发现票纸残损时)会将尚未投出的废票作废,补发给投票人一张新的票纸,但一般情况下投出废票的投票人的票就此作废,结果统计的总数即因此减少一票。如果同一张选票有就不同议题的选择(例如大选选票和全民公决投票同时进行时)可能发生部分有效的半废票。
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